domingo, 18 de abril de 2010

LEONID BERGOLTSEV: A MASTER OF HIS CRAFT

Leonid Bergoltsev holding a high quality copy of a black and white picture he made during sixties in Georgia (Caucasus) depicting some men performing a typical dance. A true masterpiece made by a great photographer. Photo: Jose Manuel Serrano Esparza.

Leonid Bergoltsev has been one of the finest Russian photographers since mid fifties, having developed his international professional photojournalistic career through the Soviet Union, China, Japan, South Korea, Poland, Singapore, United States, etc, managing to be at the top of his profession in his country within a few years and then gaining international recognition with his pictures of John Steinbeck, Harrison Salisbury, Simon Signoret, Yuri Gagarin, the Pope John Paul II, Marian Anderson, Mikhail Gorbachov, King Mohamed Zahir Shakh of Afganistan, Dimitri Shostakovich, Boris Yeltsin, Averell Harriman, Lev Landau, Hubert Humphrey, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Van Cliburn, Edvard Sheverdnadze, Mstislav Rostropovich,etc, always understanding that Bergoltsev has also excelled in what he liked most: the capturing of both human beings and locations oozing particular interest for various reasons: outstanding atmospheres, unique colours and contrasts, introspection, emotional responses of people on being photographed, awesome landscapes, monks of different religions during their rites, colourful ancient popular dances, odd urban environments, comic situations, improvised portraits of astounding personalities, and so forth.


Old Russian woman using a classic balance in a Uzbekistan market. © Leonid BergoltsevHis style is probably not easy to define and the subjects he tackles are rather eclectic, but both his photojournalistic assortment of pictures and his artistic photographic yield spanning through around forty years, are of a very high standard, in black and white (where his creative talent maybe reaches his peak, as happens with some monochrome images he made in Georgia, former USSR, during sixties) and colour alike.

Besides, his images production as an active photographer between mid fifties and beginning of nineties, is highly valuable because Bergoltsev has captured in a remarkable way a lot of special traits and contexts inherent to the society, people and politics of the second half of XX Century in different countries and continents, steadily depicting life and humanity with his images, in which he invariably gets rapport and empathy with the subjects.

Chinese peddler in a rural market. 1987 © Leonid Bergoltsev

BACKGROUND

Leonid Bergoltsev is a professional photographer by trade, who belonged to the staff of the Soviet Union magazine, the best of the former USSR, between 1958 and 1972.

From then on, he worked as a freelance photographer and taught Photojournalism at Moscow State University.

He is a Past President of the Moscow Photographers Union, having won around fifty photographic awards through his lifetime.

In the same way, he worked for the RIA Novosti Russian News Agency, since 1961 when it succeded the Sovinformburo (Soviet Information Bureau) and during the following decades, having a lot of contacts and friends with the USSR Journalists Union, the Znaniye Society, the Union of Soviet Societies of Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, etc, and steadily being in contact with the APN directors Boris Burkov (1961-1970), Ivan Udaltsov (1970-1975), Lev Tolkunov (1975-1983), Pavel Naumov (1983-1986) and Valentin Falin (1986-1988) until the Novosti Press Agency( APN) was renamed the Information Agency Novosti (IAN) in 1990.

He has held till now fourteen photographic exhibitions with pictures of his own, and has taken part in approximately three hundred in which there were some of his images.

Overcrowded Chinese parking for bicycles. 1987 © Leonid Bergoltsev

On the other hand, Bergoltsev has published five books including images made by him, among which we must highlight: A Russian Moment (Portland House, London, 1991), which offers an insight on the different ethnic groups that make up Russia and their cultural and folklore peculiarities; Instant Russes; and People among People, including a selection of 174 of his best pictures with the title of each one and a specific very interesting caption made by Leonid Bergoltsev thoroughly describing the photographed instants, one by one.

Absent-minded Chinese little boy drinking Coca-Cola. 1987 © Leonid Bergoltsev

One of the most significant achievements in Bergoltsev´s professional career took place when his beloved American illustrated magazine Life (he considers it the historical flagship of real life photography) published on page 69 of its number of March 13, 1970, a black and white photograph he had made in 1965 showing a comical moment in which a Russian civilian and a policeman are pointing with his hands and heads at opposite directions and their bodies appear to form a human cross. This was one of his most famous images, along with an outstanding black and white portrait he made in Moscow in 1959 called "Freckles" (Ginka) depicting a smiling young Russian boy lacking some teeth, and whose face featured a lot of specks, a photographed which catapulted him to the elite of the Russian photography.

Golden Gate in San Francisco. © Leonid Bergoltsev

ARRIVAL AT THE UNITED STATES

Leonid Bergoltsev had been four times in USA making pictures before late eighties, as a Russian photojournalist, specially during sixties (in 1964 he made for instance a colour picture of the businessman Cyrus Eaton) and seventies in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York and Washington D.C.

But in 1987, Leonid Bergoltsev met Don Hamilton, a photographer from Spokane, and they became friends soon.

Hamilton invited Bergoltsev to visit his home in the States, and two years later, in 1989, Bergoltsev went to the city of Spokane (State of Washington, 436 km in the east of Seattle) with his wife Nina and his daughter Olga, taking with him some pictures of his portfolios which he showed in Hamilton´s studio.

© Leonid Bergoltsev

After their first stay in Spokane, the Bergoltsevs came back to Moscow, but Olga Bergoltsev had fallen in love with a man living in Spokane, and Nina and Olga convinced Leonid to move from the Russian capital to Spokane.

This way, the Bergoltsevs fixed their residence in Spokane in 1996, but from the very beginning things were difficult for them, specially for Leonid, who had to sacrifice a lot of things related to him in favor of his wife and daughter´s better future prospects.

Leonid Bergoltsev speaking with Rolf Fricke, Former Director of Marketing Communications of Professional Photography Division at the Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, and also Co-founder of the Leica Historical Society of America (1968), Leica Historical Society of the United Kingdom (1969) and Leica Historica of Deutschland (1975), personal friend of Walter Mandler and one of the most significant experts on Leica cameras and lenses in history. He´s also an authority on optics and knew personally Rudolf Kingslake,founder of the Department of Optical Design at Rochester University in 1930, who became Head of the Optical Design Department of Eastman Kodak Company in 1937. Before moving to Rochester, NY, the legendary optician Rudolf Kingslake had been in England during twenties a disciple of the great Alexander Eugen Conrady, who had become Professor of Optical Design in the new Technical Optics Department in 1917 at the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine in London until 1931 and was through his lifetime one of the world top authorities on Applied Optics and Optical Designs, with such an immense knowledge that he often made his own optical instruments to his specifications. Photo: Jose Manuel Serrano Esparza.

Leonid transition from Russia to United States was hard: in the beginning, the language barrier hampered him a great deal and he had to strive after learning English as quick as possible, being well in his sixties, with all the difficulties it meant. He took a lot of English classes and little by little he managed to improve.

A great crowd gathered around an impressive Antonov An-225 freighter, the heaviest aircraft ever made, originally designed between 1984 and 1988 by the USSR Antonov Design Bureu as an strategic airlift transport for the Buran Space Shuttle within the Soviet space program who would substitute the Myasishchev VM-T and bigger than the Locheed C-5 Galaxy, the Boeing 747 large freighter and the Antonov An-124. It is able to take a load of 250,000 kg inside its fuselage and 200,000 kg on top of it. We can see three of the six ZMKB Ivchenko Progress D-18T turbofan engines which make him reach a top speed of 850 km/h (530 miles/h), a remarkable achievement for such a large airship. This plane features a superb quality and reliability of flight, with a range of 15,400 km with maximum fuel and 4,000 km with its full load, being able to transport even locomotives and 150 ton generators, with a service ceiling of 11,000 m. Picture made in Seattle. © Leonid Bergoltsev

On the other hand, cultural differences and daily habits are very different between U.S and Russia, so Leonid Bergoltsev fought hard to adapt. That´s why remembering his life in the same apartment in Moscow during fifity eight years, he often solemnly states with his outstanding sense of humour: ´ A big part of my soul I left in Moscow. I think it´s too late for me to become an American ´.

But presently being 78 years old (he was born in Odessa in 1932), Mr Bergoltsev is glad seeing his daughter happily married with an American man, now with the name of Olga Kamp and also living in Spokane, in the same way as a brother of hers who is an experienced seller of cars.

Anyhow, there was an event which enhanced the knowledge on Bergoltsev inside USA: the extraordinary slideshow that this world class photographer presented during the 34th Annual Meeting of the LHSA in Portland (Oregon) on October 5, 2002, between 9:00 and 10:00 a.m, titled From Russia with Leica, with an assortment of his best pictures which brought about high doses of thrill in every attendant, something that he would repeat in 2008 in Louisville (Kentucky) with another highly successful display of images taken by him in 1987 in China, complemented by a few more photographs shot in the Soviet Union and U.S.A mainly during seventies.

Chinese monk clad in ancient attire. 1987 © Leonid Bergoltsev
PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT AND FILMS USED BY LEONID BERGOLTSEV THROUGH HIS PROFESSIONAL CAREER
Bergoltsev admits to be a great lover of Leica, Pentax and Nikon cameras and fixed focal lenses, having used a lot of photographic stuff of those two brands during his working life: he has used Leica M2, M3, M4 and M6 in approximately 40% of the pictures - half of them with Leica M3-, Asahi Pentax reflex (roughly 35%), Nikon reflex (roughly 17%), along with Russian made Kiev and Fed rangefinder cameras (around 5 %), and he also made five pictures with Rolleiflex and Canon cameras.

Though he states that usually Leica lenses are often the best, he deems that a lot of manual focusing Pentax Takumar, Supertakumar and Nikon lenses from sixties, seventies and eighties are also excellent both from a mechanical and optical viewpoint, full-fledged professional photographic tools.

Bicycle with hat parked by the door of a Chinese house. 1987 © Leonid Bergoltsev

Vast majority of times he used fixed focal lengths of 35 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm and 180 mm, f/2 being the most widespread maximum aperture, and then f/2.8 and f/1.4.

Likewise, he often states that his favourite lens is the 35 mm f/2, which he deems very good to photograph people when they are not seeing the photographer.

Regarding films and supplies, what Bergoltsev tells dates us back to a time in which it was difficult to get good film and labs in the former Soviet Union, so Russian photographers were usually bound to resort to grey market or contacts they had in other countries to get top-notch film and professional development.

© Leonid Bergoltsev

He remembers that during late fifties and sixties it was common thing to use 300 ISO Russian made black and white cinema film A2 with 35 mm photographic cameras.

Generally speaking, the supplies of black and white Russian made 35 mm film were guaranteed and its quality was between acceptable and good, but 35 mm colour film available in Russia during sixties and seventies was of poor quality, so professional photographers like Bergoltsev had sometimes to buy it in the grey market, mainly Kodak and Fuji 35 mm slides, above all the coveted Kodachrome and Ektachrome slides.

The Alexander Nevsky Bridge in St Petersburg. 1985 © Leonid Bergoltsev

We mustn´t forget that during sixties and seventies, medium format was still widely spread in Russia (even more than 35 mm format in a lot of areas), the black and white photography was with huge difference the most common one, and the cameras and lenses created by Russian designers and engineers like E.V.Soloviev, N.M.Egorov, I. Michoutine, Yuri Soloviev, etc, had as main aim the black and white users which were vast majority inside USSR.

´Kruschev. The Last Appearance´. One of Bergoltsev´s most famous pictures, depicting Nikita Kruschev with other top Soviet politicians of the Politburo just a few days before being ousted from power. 1964 © Leonid Bergoltsev

Anyway, Bergoltsev remembers that when batches of Kodak Tri-X 400 began arriving at Russia, it was very well received and extensively used. He made with it for example a portrait of Gamid Arasly, expert on Oriental History, in Baku (Azerbaijan) in 1973.

CONTACT SHEETS SIGNIFICANCE IN BERGOLTSEV´S CAREER
Leonid Bergoltsev has always had an approach to photography in which striving after capturing the decisive moment and quick shooting has been the raison d´ĂȘtre, to such an extent that he often states that the photographer (specially that one linked to the streeter genre) most times hasn´t got almost time to think. Infused with the passion for photography which has ruled his life, Bergoltsev broaches the subject through his conviction that a real life photographer must not create pictures, but see and catch them, because the images depicting the most representative moments are mainly taken during highly fleeting instants, in split seconds, so there´s very little margin to ponder over, and speed, instinct, anticipation, experience and intuition become key elements.

But by the same token, Leonid Bergoltsev confers great importance to contact sheets as a thorough way to both having the possibility to think after shooting the pictures and as a very useful and accurate way to evaluate a photographer´s production.

It´s important to bear in mind that Bergoltsev belongs to the the last stage of the golden period of photojournalism between thirties and sixties, and though his picture yield was taken mainly between late fifties and eighties, his style as a photojournalist and artist (remarkably, we do find both sides in his photographic yield, in superb colour slides and monochrome alike, including excellent examples of black and white with painstaking darkroom work) is fairly influenced by the legacy of Cartier-Bresson, Chim, Elliot Erwitt, Marc Riboud, Erich Lessing, Werner Bischof, etc, with a clear aim: the fulfilment of Ilse Bing´s principle set forth in 1929 by the Leica Queen when on assignment for
Das Illustrierte Blatt: to photograph things which made a picture and depicted representative moments.

And during the aforementioned halcyon of photojournalism, contact sheets were the core to work after pictures were taken and vast majority of professional photographers of the time learned greatly their trade studying them, without forgetting a further decisive aspect: of yore, contact sheets were widely used to choose the best images, something which was usually trusted to very qualified editors for whom contact sheets were vital. Suffice it to say that before turning into a professional photographer, the great Inge Morath was firstly Henri Cartier-Bresson´s editor and that enabled her to acquire a tremendous knowledge and experience on images, something that is nowadays highly missed, because in spite of so many technological breakthroughs, truth is that good editors of pictures are increasingly difficult to find and a very high percentage of the produced images are not worth.

Bergoltsev belongs to this special breed of photographers deft in capturing not only persons and subjects, but also special moments in time, pieces of daily life he manages to turn into extraordinary, greatly following Constantin Manos conceptual schemes in this regard, specially in his colour yield.


PIONEER OF JAZZ PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE USSR
On May 14, 1967, Leonid Bergoltsev went to the Kalevi Sport Hall in Tallinn (Estonia), then belonging to the USSR, to make pictures of a highly important musical event: the Live Concert performed by the American Jazz Charles Lloyd Quartet, which turned into a unique photographic chance, because this musical genre wasn´t then favoured at all by communist authorities but even forbidden.

The concert was a great success, even appearing on front page of the New York Times, and Bergoltsev made an outstanding coverage of it, capturing great b & w images of the saxophonist, tenor and flute Charles Lloyd along with his ensemble workmates Ron McClure (bass), Jack DeJohnette (drums) and Keith Jarrett (piano) in different phases of the performance on the stage.

This live album titled Charles Lloyd in the Soviet Union was imbued with thrilling avant-garde biased hard bop whose peak was the 18 minute "Sweet Georgia Bright" streamed by in a series of very small movements that provided lavish solo space for all, without forgetting the top-notch level displayed by Charles Lloyd as tenor player with his commanding and flexible style, stirring up and driving the quartet´s joint approach that reached its climax in the track " Tribal Dance " revealing a top class Coltrane influenced style.

This legendary live recording became quickly a cult classic among jazz connoisseurs all over the world under the label Atlantic, and it had such a deep impact on the Russian population, that thirty years later, in 1997, Charles Lloyd celebrated the 30th Anniversary of that historical concert returning to Tallinn.

A HIGHLY VALUABLE TROVE OF PICTURES

Fortunately, Leonid Bergoltsev was able from mid nineties to take from Moscow to Spokane a high percentage of his thousands and thousands of original black and white negatives and colour slides made through his photojournalistic career, along with his most representative vintage copies.

And it sets up a great visual treasure featuring stunning quality and originality, not only in terms of the artistic and photographic talent and skill he proves once and again, but also regarding his great significant as a character in itself and above all as a direct witness of historical events which were of seminal transcendence during sixties, seventies and eighties, three very important decades to be able to understand the XX Century which is currently a part of history.

Audience during a performance in Tashkent (Uzbekistan). 1984 © Leonid Bergoltsev

Uzbek dance group Liazgi in Tashkent (Uzbekistan). 1983 © Leonid Bergoltsev

Spectator watching a horse race in Turkmenistan. 1985 © Leonid Bergoltsev

His pictures are most times stunning, an actual relish to see because of Bergoltsev´s special ability to capture those magic and fleeting moments which constitute the pith of his photographic production: eclectic and exceedingly interesting images revealing a glimpse of the life in Russia behind the Iron Curtain during the Cold War: Soviet political leaders, people of different areas of the USSR like Moscow, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Latvia, etc, at work, performing typical and ancient dances, attending to political meetings and acts of all kind, implementing a wide range of shows on stages, bridges crossed by trams and old fashioned cars like Ladas and GAZ-24-10 Volgas, funeral ceremonies, either multitudes or isolated persons attending to all kind of live events, popular folklore, oil fields, different cultural expressions, colourful and handcrafted clothes, various typical habits, different ethnic groups, etc, capturing very wisely superb colours and gorgeous saturations of them, together with wonderful contrasts, as well as managing to hold sway over the best qualities and directions of light. A treat to watch and a unique chance to go back to past historical periods of the XX Century.

Moscow seagull. © Leonid Bergoltsev

Russian orthodox funeral ceremony in Volokolamsk (Moscow Province). 1982 © Leonid Bergoltsev

Long queues to visit Mao Tse Tung Mausoleum. Beijing. 1987 © Leonid Bergoltsev

Without forgetting the other great framework of his lifetime image crop: his amazing pictures made in China during eighties, in a period in which the great Asian nation was very different to what is currently: bicycles everywhere as immensely most usual means of transport, long queues of people visiting Mao Tse Tung mausoleum, monks dressed in their classical attires, young women bearing their children hanging on their backs, people playing cards in the streets, men and women working on the rice fields, women transporting all kind of modern products like Sprite bottles with the traditional stick on the back system, rural hamlets in which the donkey is usual for tilling and conveying a lot of different things, terrace cultivations on the slopes of mountains covered with impressive mist, showy stretches of the Great Wall, old Chinese cuisine in the area of Guangzhou, picturesque details of all kind, traffic police in Beijing, Forbidden City, people having Chinese tea, old pagodas, Chinese parkings with bicycles, makeshift dwellings on river barges, Memorial of Tsun Yat Sen, street sculptures, dawns in great cities, Chinese farmers, sea harbours in coastal towns, scenes of fluvial transport, people making bread in the Chinese way, skylines of cities, etc.

Chinese mother taking his children hanging on her back. 1987 © Leonid Bergoltsev

Chinese monks dressed in traditional garments praying in the street. 1987 © Leonid Bergoltsev

Chinese young woman using a bicycle as a means of transport. 1987 © Leonid Bergoltsev

Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Macao, Guangzhou ... Bergoltsev´s pictures of China are singular, special, faithfully representing the last stage of daily life in the most populated country on earth before its change to a nation striving after becoming much more industrialized and technologically governed.

I do believe that these photographs of the Great Asian Giant made by Bergolsev mean the last link to the first great Russian photographers who travelled to China and which began their activity around the end of the XIX Century, epitomized by the 200 large format pictures made by A.E. Boyarsky during the expedition led by General Staff Captain Y.A.Sosnovsky during 1874 and 1875, a period in which the negatives were glass plates and had to be developed immediately after exposure.

Chinese woman bearing a heavy load of modern goods - including a box of Sprite bottles - climbing a steep stone stairs with all the items hanging from the stick supported on her shoulders. 1987 © Leonid Bergoltsev

Impressive Chinese misty landscape of terrace cultivations on the slopes of hills. 1987 © Leonid Bergoltsev

As Bergoltsev usually says: ´The current China is not the same country I photographed during eighties any more. What I show in my pictures mostly doesn´t exist any longer´.

BERGOLTSEV´S MEDIUM FORMAT PRODUCTION
Albeit vast majority of Leonid Bergoltsev´s photographic yield encompassig fourty years between mid fifties and beginning of nineties was made with 35 mm cameras and lenses, there is a little percentage of his images which was made with medium format 6 x 6 cm and 6 x 7 cm, which in my standpoint deserves very high accolades because of its quality, creativity, originality and unutterable exoticism, whose core are the traditional dances on stages performed by men and women belonging to different ethnic and cultural people inside different areas of the Soviet Union, among which we must highlight specially three groups:

a) Four 6 x 7 cm medium format colour slides of the series titled Moscow Romen Music and Drama Theatre, made in 1974 in Moscow and masterfully depicting ethnic gypsies clad in typical costumes, both posing in group as ensembles (one of the pictures being really nice, in which he has shot at full aperture and has put the focus on one of the woemn on the stage - who is in the middle of the image - smartly using the very limited depth of field 6 x 7 cm MF is able to deliver at f/2.8, equivalent to roughly f/2 in 35 mm format, and isolating her from the rest of working mates, fostering the blues, reds, oranges and pinks of her costume, which generates a multichromatic atmosphere in synergy with the colours of the out of focus attires of the rest of dancers) and performing dances (the latter being two pictures in which he makes a superb use of the slow shutter speeds, wisely working at the limit and succeeding in transmitting a poweful feeling of motion).

b) Three 6 x 6 cm medium format colour slides made with TLR Rolleiflex camera in the city of Ulan-Ude (capital of the the Soviet Asian Republic of Burjatskaja, near the Baikal Lake and the north frontier of Mongolia) in 1972, in which Bergoltsev manages to capture on a stage with a black background and some lights the movements of the great dancer Bulat Bajayev, making extraordinary pictures conveying motion, thoroughness and athleticism, as well as capturing astounding colours and textures of the typical costumes, both gorgeous reds and refulgent golden ornaments and precious stones used by the dancer in some of his performances and the blues and boots made of fur and his head covered by a thick cap.

Needless to say that Bergoltsev attains to get remarkable facial expressions of the artist clearly indicating that he is doing what he likes most. These three images are masterworks also imbued with psychological approach and a tremendously accurate handheld timing (specially the one in which Bulat Bajayev is making a great jump) with a medium format camera.

On the other hand, these medium format pictures are unique and specially valuable, because they depict an artist belonging to the Buryats, which are the largest ethnic minority group in Siberia, making up the most important northernmost Mongol group, usually speaking Russian but having the Mongolian dialect Buryat as mother tongue. And during XX Century (and even nowadays) there was scarce photographic coverage of this Siberian remote area whose roots are Mongol, and it was very unknown even for worlwide fans of Yul Brynner, whose mother Marusya Blagovidova and his grandmother Natalya Iosiphovna Kurkutova had a percentage of Buryat ancestry.

Therefore, Bergoltsev´s MF pictures help to know and better undestand the innermost nature and vivid colours presiding over the daily life, culture and folklore of this Republic of the Russian Far East in the beginning of the seventies of the XX Century.

c) A 6 x 9 cm medium format black and white photograph of Marshals Georgy Zhukov and Ivan Bagramian made in 1966 with a Moskva 5 medium format rangefinder camera (copy of the German Super Ikonta C) with Industar-24 105 mm f/3.5 lens and Kodak Tri-X 400 120 roll film.

´PEOPLE AMONG PEOPLE´
From 2008, a book titled People among People and edited by the world class Leica and Nikon expert Ed Schwartzreich with the collaboration of Julie Kitchell and superbly printed by Edition One Studios in Berkeley (California), containing approximately 170 of Leonid Bergoltsev´s best black and white pictures, reproduced in top-notch quality, the cream of his 40 years professional career as a professional photographer, has opened new horizons regarding the knowledge of this great Russian photographer, who in spite of his huge standard of quality as a photojournalist and artist, and in the same way that happened with the Russian preeminent pianist Lazar Berman (who was greatly unknown in Europe and USA during a high percentage of his lifetime as a world class musician) wasn´t very known in the Western world.

This book has greatly fostered Leonid Bergoltsev position towards the place he deserves as an important photographer master of his craft and direct witness of a period in which both Russia and China remained in secrecy from a photographic viewpoint to great degree, which has also raised the number of his copies bought by connoisseurs and lovers of high quality photography who likewise obtain a big asset: the high historical documentary value of Bergoltsev´s pictures.

On the other hand, People among People - in my viewpoint a highly recommendable acquisition for anyone loving top quality photography, with the added bonus of its great historical and documentary value which will rise more and more with time- features a memoir on his life written by the photographer, who tells a lot of interesting things experienced during his lifetime as a photographer, highlighting the most exciting anecdotes, including assignments in which he had to use up to six different cameras hanging from his body with various lenses and films.

Leonid Bergoltsev during one of the many lectures on photography he has imparted through USA since 1996 till currently. Photo: Jose Manuel Serrano Esparza.

BERGOLTSEV´S PHOTOGRAPHIC LEGACY AND ITS FUTURE

I do believe that the stunning and unique photographic legacy of this great photographer will increasingly raise its value and recognition within time.

Sincerely, I´m persuaded that the exhibitions and slideshows he has already held in USA, along with People Among People extraordinary book (not only because of his images but also thanks to its great captions with explaining texts of the pictures, one by one, made by the author, his life memoir, the minute descriptions he makes of all aspects, including the cameras, lenses and film he used) are the beginning of something that could be really great.

This man had greatly to sacrifice the last stage of his photographic career for the sake of his family, and the people knowing him well know how much he has suffered to adapt to a new world, leaving behind his beloved Moscow and Russia, his native country.


Uzbek dance group Liazgi in Tashkent (Uzbekistan). 1983 © Leonid Bergoltsev

It should be very interesting and probably highly profitable to professionally clean and scan all of his black and white negatives and colour slides with for example Nikon CoolScan 5000 or Nikon Coolscan 9000 boasting 4.8 DMAX, or even better with high end virtual drum scanners like Imacons 848 Flextights for Mac with Dmax of also 4.8, 16 bit colour and able to scan 35 mm original negatives and slides up to 8,000 and 50Mb per minute, fine tuned by an expert to draw all of the negative detail and grey range (with b & w production) and those formidable colours, saturations of them and amazing contrasts Bergoltsev achieves in a very high percentage of his colour yield made with slides.

Uzbek dance group Liazgi in Tashkent (Uzbekistan). 1983 © Leonid Bergoltsev

This way it would be possible to digitize with maximum quality and preserve for future this unique photographic and historical legacy, with the added possibility of holding a lot of great photographic exhibitions both with black and white and colour top-notch enlargements on first class photographic papers - including baryta ones- who would undoubtedly bring about high expectation and gather high figures of attendees relishing the coming back to a fascinating time of yore, already past, but that will be in the future collective memory of some generations ahead.

And the current increasingly availability of Blu-ray with its high definition of 1920 x 1080 and its great resistance to scratches, dust and dirt, would allow the complementary choice of making great audiovisual productions with the scanned black and white negatives and colour slides that make up the base of Bergoltsev´s historical pictures, which could be seen in all of its splendour on LCD and Plasma players with HDMI 1.3 connectors and Full HD Devices, trying to achieve comparable aims (though now with the advantage of the gorgeous photographic quality delivered by the Blu-ray) to the ones implemented by Marco Bischof with his CD-ROM Werner Bischof: Life and Work of a Photographer 1916-1954, made in 2005, including more than a thousand images of his father, the great Swiss photographer Werner Bischof, and through which he attained to brilliantly show his life and career.

I think that both Leonid Bergoltsev´s category as a photographer and his stature as a human being would well deserve it. And I´ve got no doubt that it would be highly profitable.

Copyright text and indicated photos: Jose Manuel Serrano Esparza. LHSA.

jueves, 8 de abril de 2010

CITROEN ZX 16 VALVES : AN UNFORGETTABLE THOROUGHBRED

SPANISH
Citroen ZX 16 Valves prepared by Piedrafita Sport and featuring a XU1034 Type engine featuring 1998 cc, 4 cylinders in line and bore x stroke of 86,0 x 86,0 mm, able to reach 200 hp at 7200 r.p.m, integral Weber Alpha Plus injection system and 5 speed Type BE3 gearbox at crabots. Citroen ZX Supercup of Spain. Jarama Circuit (Madrid). 1996. Nikon F3 and manual focus Zoom Nikkor 35-70 mm f/3.5 AI-s. Fuji Velvia ISO 50 rated at ISO 80. 1/30 sec at f/11

For five consecutive years, between 1992 and 1997, the Citroen ZX 16 Valves in its different versions became a legendary car, achieving great results in a number of international competitions.

Both enthusiasts of the brand and professional pilots having a penchant for automobiles featuring small size and great price/performance ratio, relished from the very beginning this Citroen model, mostly beloved by those having driven it, who had the chance of feeling its unique traits and character.

The ZX 16 Valves featuring front-wheel drive and a weight of 1150 kg was introduced by Citroen at the Paris Motor Show in September 1992, with a 2 litre 16 valves engine in a casting block with aluminum head and carter, 4 cylinders in line, front transversal location, 16 valves - four per cylinder - and double camshaft, delivering 155 hp and a torque of 186 Nm.

From scratch, the three doors Citroen ZX 16 valves had a very good position within its segment regarding its behaviour as a travelling car, almost on a par with the Volkswagen Golf Mk2, and boasted very high quality Michelin XGTV tires excelling at draining water, also standing out with its large diameter brake discs.

Because of the strong competence of Opel/Vauxhall Astra GSI, Ford Escort RS2000 and Volkswagen Golf GTi, Citroen decided to give the new ZX 16 valves more and more performance by leaps and bounds.

It must be also highlighted the very low fuel consumption: 8 litres every hundred kilometers travelled at an average speed of 100 km/hour.

On the other hand, it offered much better seats than previous versions of ZX ( like the popular 1.9 D with alloy block and cylinder head), with a lot of adjustments to fit the driver body to its best position, as well as sporting an effective steering, along with a fast and accurate gear box.

In 1996, Citroen stopped the production of the ZX 2 litre 16 valves 155 hp and introduced an updated version with an even more powerful engine: the ZX 2 litre 167 hp

The first type of this 167 hp power plant proved steadily its outstanding strength and reliability, with inner improvements in engine block, carter and head, together with enhanced electronics, intake and exhaust pipe, without forgetting a very important betterment: the torque was upped to 193 Nm. It sported a variable length intake manifold aiming at attaining a top-notch reaction in every turning rate, though it lacked a bit of response in the high area of the r.p.m indicator, something which was fixed up in the second version of this great 167 hp engine (which exceeds hands down the energy needed to move the car, with the added benefit of a relatively small size with surrounding chassis to spare), doing without the variable intake in favour of a definite length and highly polished ducts, which brought about an improvement at high revolutions.

Besides, the Citroen ZX 2 litre 16 valves 167 hp performance was greatly fostered by special soft compound and hard framework Michelin tires enabling a high crossing on bends, and it was such a high quality power unit that Citroen would set it up on the following Xsara model in 1997.

Due to the trustworthy qualities of the Citroen ZX 2 litres 16 Valves, it was used in a lot of rallies, specially in France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal and Finland, and two of them were firstly used in Germany for touring car racing championships and subsequently in Holland during the 1997 Dutch Touring Car Championship.

Even, Citroen Sport Spain created in 1994 the ZX 16 Valves Super Cup, a high level competition for experienced pilots who drove specially tuned up very powerful and sophisticated models of ZX 2 litres 16 Valves delivering up to between 180 and 212 hp, a 5 speed BE3 type gearbox at crabots and able to reach 226 km/h full-swing.

And Sylvain Poulard won the French Rally Cross Championship in 1995 with a ZX 16 valves.

Needless to say that even with the quoted Citroen ZX 2 litres 16 Valves delivering up to between 180 h.p and 212 hp, specially created models for top level racing competition on professional circuits, the philosophy of the best feasible compromise between performance, size and production cost wasn´t overlooked, and there were approximately 30 of these unique cars developed as authentic racing vehicles (comparable in performance to the best Group A cars of the time) running annually for the famous aforementioned Spanish ZX 16 Valves Super Cup (some of whose last participating units of ZX 2 litres 16 Valves fine tuned by Piedrafita Sport reached between 220 and 230 hp), which ended in 1997 with the arrival of the Xsara model.

ZX 16v TECHNICAL DATA
Maximum Speed: 220 km/h
0-100 km/h: 9.1 seconds (167 hp version), 7.7 seconds (version 167 hp)
Engine: 167 hp
Torque: 193 Nm
Displacement: 2.0 litres
Engine Type: 4 cylinders, 16 valves
Engine Location: Front
Gearbox: 5
Drive: Forward
Wheelbase: 2´540 meters
Weight: 1150 kg.
Year of introduction: 1992 (version 155 hp - real 144 hp-) and 1996 (version 167 hp)
Home Country: France
Power to weight ratio: 142.74 hp / ton
Power per litre: 62.27 kw/litre

                                                                                                                         Photo: Piedrafita Sport

THE PIEDRAFITA ZX 16 VALVES KIT CARS 
JuliĂĄn Piedrafita, one of the best fine tuners of engines and automobile mechanics in history, who has been the Citroen most important preparator of motors since 1977 (having developed some of its most remarkable models like the Citroen AX 4 x 4), particularly in the high level sporting field, and who had created since 1994 the very special competition Citroens ZX 16 valves for the Spain ZX Cup of Circuits (1994-1997), managed to raise above himself, crowning things off and begetting with very deep knowledge and expertise gleaned throughout decades a dream come true: the Piedrafita ZX 16 Valves Kit Cars, starting from an original prototype built in France in collaboration with Dany Snobeck but which hadn´t taken part in any race.

Piedrafita achieved an unprecedented feat: to take the potential of Citroen ZX 16 Valves to its maximum feasible limits of power, speed, safety and reliability, improving a plethora of aspects of the original ZX 16 Valves Kit Car he received, starting with a Matter body as a core, working apiece with mostly handcrafted parameters, all kind of resources of his own, painstaking attention to every detail and striving after drawing the 100% of performance from the ZX 16 Valves, which he attained to a great extent, and what´s more incredible, steadily having a rather constrained budget).

This way, the myriad betterments and optimized sides accomplished by José Luis Piedrafita and his team at the Piedrafita Sport Workshop in Madrid (in symbiosis with the elite engine fine tuning made by Snobeck and some breakthroughs provided by the engineer and technical director José Juan Aracil Elejabeitia, getting a 262 hp powerplant at 8650 r.p.m) were to Citroen ZX 16 Valves what Alois Ruf to the twin turbocharged SOHC flat-6, 24 valves, maximum torque of 553 Nm and 469 hp Porsche Ruf 911 CTR from 1987, featuring a handcraftedly made five speed manual gearbox and state-of-the-art Drembo brake discs.


On the other hand, in 1997, JuliĂĄn Piedrafita (along with JosĂ© MarĂ­a Barroso and Juan JosĂ© Aracil Elejabeitia) made a great synergy with the pilot JesĂșs Puras, who drove a specially fine tuned Citroen ZX Kit Car 16 Valves and 262 hp, with which the Cantabrian pilot and his copilot Carlos del Barrio won the Spanish Championship of Rallyes of that year, a highly praiseworthy triumph, because Citroen team had to face a wide range of more powerful cars of other brands.

This famous Piedrafita Sport Citroen ZX 16 Valves Kit Car featuring a weight of 967 kg, 2 litre engine of 4 cylinders, double overhead camshaft, 4 valves per cylinder, 262 hp without turbo and sequential 6 march X-Track gearbox pulling out full power with huge accuracy and boasting among many other virtues an uncommon driving ease in these reference class cars category, outstanding versatility, amazing stability and lack of swaying in bends, turned from 1997 into the flagship of the philosophy of two wheel drive cars with 2 litre atmospheric engine, whose goal was (among many others) to reduce the production cost of the vehicles for A Group rallies, but simultaneously being able to compete with full guarantee against other sports cars boasting turbocharged engines.

It must be also underscored the fact that the aforementioned X-Track sequential six march gearbox was likewise of the highest level, at crabots, without sincros and featuring spur gears, a prodigy of mechanics designed to raise marches without using the clutch and to lower them using a bit of it.

Besides, the Piedrafita Sport Citroens ZX 16 Valves Kit Cars were an exceedingly significant technological platform, since they meant the full practical implementation of the use of very advanced computers as a fundamental support to the workshop toil, a sphere in which the strategy incepted by José Aracil Elejabeitia had been of great importance since late eighties within Piedrafita Sport firm), without forgetting the extensive use of kevlar which eased the weight reduction.

This way, Piedrafita Sport became from mid nineties one of the most important European benchmarks as to automoibile technology, mechanics, fine tuning, specific components and motorization of vehicles optimized for sporting competitions, with real myths like the Citroen ZX Kit Car 269 hp piloted by JesĂșs Puras or the stunning 900 kg prototype Citroen AX 4 x 4 Turbo featuring X-Track 4 wheels drive and 450 hp under the command of Guillermo Barredas, developed by JosĂ© Aracil and the most sophisticated model of the Piedrafita AX range.

Citroen´s trust on JuliĂĄn Piedrafita was so big that in 2001 they called him to fine tune the Citroen Xsara Kit Car with which Sebastian Loeb (six consecutive times World Champion of Rallyes in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009) won the France Championship of Rallyes that year.

In the memory of the good enthusiasts of racing cars there will be always a place for Citroen pilots like Jesus Puras (six times Champion of Spain of Rallies), Luis Climent, Daniel Sordo, Antonio Zanini, Miquel Fuster, Guillermo Barreras, Genito Ortiz, Ricardo Muñoz, Enric Burrull, Daniel Sola and others.

© Text and Indicated Photos: JosĂ© Manuel Serrano Esparza

NAPIER-RAILTON SPECIAL 1933

CUCCIOLO T2 ENGINE: THE BEGINNING OF DUCATI´S INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION

viernes, 26 de marzo de 2010

ACERCA DEL NOCTILUX




Nota de Editor.-

El texto que puede leerse bajo estas líneas ocupaba desde el año 2007 hasta hace pocos días su espacio en la blogosfera y era accesible en la Wikipedia fotogråfica cuando se buscaba información sobre Walter Mandler y sus creaciones.


Con el fin de intentar paliar el posible perjuicio que la citada no accesibilidad en estos momentos pudiera causar a lectores interesados en el tema, hemos optado por recoger el grueso del texto de la caché de su ubicación original y lo subimos a elrectanguloenlamano, tratando de solucionar la lectura en la medida de nuestras posibilidades.


ACERCA DEL NOCTILUX

En torno al inmarcesible objetivo Noctilux de Leica, se ha generado un interesante debate entre los visitantes de este blog y los participantes en la secciĂłn de comentarios.

José Manuel Serrano Esparza, al que pienso que en este momento ya no hace falta presentar ante esta comunidad, ha escrito un texto al respecto, que dada su precisión de datos y extensión, no tiene fåcil cabida en la sección de comentarios, que es limitada en ese y en otros sentidos.


Por ello, he considerado oportuno volcar su texto directamente en la secciĂłn de "posts" de nuestro blog, y ello de forma Ă­ntegra:


Estimado señor D. Valentín Sama: Siento haber llegado algo tarde. En relación con los comentarios suscitados dentro de su blog con respecto a la autoría del diseño del objetivo Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 para cåmaras Leicas telemétricas, le escribo estas líneas para comentarle que desde un punto de vista de historia oficial, el citado objetivo fue diseñado por Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel en Wetzlar (Alemania), y su primer prototipo fue inscrito en el registro de patentes de Alemania el 25 de Abril de 1964, mientras que el diseño definitivo estuvo finalizado el 19 de Abril de 1965, siendo presentado en la Photokina Köln de 1966.


Desde luego, hubiera sido mås fåcil poner ésto en el artículo de la Revista Film und Foto, y obviamente menos arriesgado (sin que ello reste ni un åpice a la importancia histórica y óptica al excelente objetivo Noctilux-M 50 mm f1.2 de 6 elementos en 4 grupos y 515 gramos de peso, diseño Doble Gauss con dos superficies asfericas -una en el elemento frontal y otra en el trasero- talladas en gran medida de modo manual mediante torno, un auténtico tour de force para la época y que estaba optimizado para f/1.2, proeza impresionante, si tenemos en cuenta que Canon tardaría cinco años mås en sacar su Canon FD 55 mm f/1.2 SSC Aspherical para Canons réflex).


Los dos elementos asfĂ©ricos incluidos en la fĂłrmula Ăłptica de este diseño de Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel corregĂ­an el suficiente nĂșmero de aberraciones como para permitir incluir en la cĂ©lula Ăłptica seis elementos en lugar de los ocho que habrĂ­an sido necesarios a mediados de los sesenta para construir un objetivo con elementos esfĂ©ricos y de similar rendimiento y abertura mĂĄxima de diafragma.


Pero Walter Mandler diseñó en Midland (Ontario) en 1963 al menos un prototipo de un 50 mm f1.2 con superficies asfĂ©ricas –lo cual me fue corroborado por una persona que no puedo desvelar debido a que me pidiĂł discreciĂłn que deseo respetar, sin que ello signifique que la hipĂłtesis sea cierta al 100% pero sĂ­ muy probable-, diferente al realizado por Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel en Wetzlar y aproximadamente un año antes que ellos, con enorme pericia, utilizando todo tipo de recursos de cosecha propia basados en su brutal conocimiento y experiencia, sirviĂ©ndose de multirrevestimientos especiales y enfrentĂĄndose tambiĂ©n a la enorme dificultad que constituĂ­a el tallar las superficies asfĂ©ricas con precisiĂłn, para lo cual no era suficiente el uso de ordenadores, sino que habĂ­a que dar los Ășltimos toques de modo manual y el pulido de los asfĂ©ricos fue llevado a cabo de modo en gran medida artesanal, con muchĂ­simo trabajo, y desechando constantemente carĂ­simos y muy exĂłticos vidrios Ăłpticos, hasta conseguir los adecuados, lo cual incrementaba notablemente el coste de producciĂłn y no digamos ya el precio de venta al pĂșblico.


En el caso de Mandler, el diseño de este prototipo de Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH, realizado en Midland (Ontario) y bastante avanzado en 1963, dotado de superficies asfĂ©ricas y cuyo paradero es desconocido, fue, al igual que el modelo diseñado por Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel en Wetzlar (Alemania) en 1966, otro autĂ©ntico tour de force Ăłptico, tecnolĂłgico e histĂłrico, con mĂĄs mĂ©rito todavĂ­a si cabe, ya que el presupuesto de la fabrica Ernst Leitz Canada en Midland (Ontario) –todavĂ­a en fase de afianzamiento econĂłmico tras su creaciĂłn durante los años cincuenta- con Walter Mandler como referente de conocimiento, era sensiblemente inferior al de la sede principal de Wetzlar en Alemania.


En el reportaje puse 1966 porque ese fue el año de la presentaciĂłn en Photokina del Noctilux-M 50 mm f1.2 Aspherical de Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel, que al final fue el que saliĂł adelante, autorizĂĄndose su producciĂłn en serie muy limitada para su venta al pĂșblico a un precio tremendamente elevado, mientras que el proyecto de un Noctilux-M 50 mm f1.2 ASPH de Walter Mandler realizado con otros parĂĄmetros, con vidrios Ăłpticos no tan extraordinarios pero sĂ­ muy sabiamente distribuidos en sus elementos y el espaciado entre los mismos (complementados muy hĂĄbilmente y con enorme conocimiento mediante unos recubrimientos especiales) y con mucho menor presupuesto, fue desechado por el propio Mandler, a cuyo juicio el excesivo coste de producciĂłn de este objetivo, debido esencialmente al elevadĂ­simo precio de los asfĂ©ricos, y su gran dificultad y lentitud de pulido, lo hacĂ­a comercialmente poco viable y Midland (Ontario) no estaba para estos lujos asiĂĄticos, mientras que Wetzlar (Alemania) sĂ­ que podĂ­a permitĂ­rselo.


Por otra parte, Mandler -que conocĂ­a las soberbias propiedades Ăłpticas de los elementos asfĂ©ricos, ya que desde bastantes años antes eran utilizados con frecuencia en carĂ­simos objetivos catadiĂłptricos utilizados en AstronomĂ­a para corregir las aberraciones esfĂ©ricas- era plenamente consciente de que el uso de superficies asfĂ©ricas manufacturadas con autĂ©ntica extraordinaria calidad y precisiĂłn aumentaba exponencialmente la complejidad y coste de fabricaciĂłn, debido a que las superficies asfĂ©ricas no pueden definirse solo con una curvatura sobre la superficie total, puesto que su curvatura localizada experimenta modificaciones a travĂ©s de dicha superficie, y aunque una superficie asfĂ©rica se define las mĂĄs veces mediante una formula analĂ­tica, en ocasiones hay que interpretarla en forma de grĂĄfico SAG que describa los puntos de coordenada a travĂ©s de la superficie, por lo comĂșn rotacionalmente simĂ©trica, pero puede ser necesaria la opciĂłn de formas no rotacionalmente simĂ©tricas, bien con superficies bicĂłnicas con dos curvaturas bĂĄsicas y dos constantes cĂłnicas en dos direcciones ortogonales o bien mediante asfericidades anamĂłrficas que presentan tĂ©rminos matemĂĄticos de orden superior con respecto a sendas direcciones ortogonales, con lo cual Mandler percibĂ­a que en todos los aspectos significativos de posibilidad de diseño de un 50 mm f/1.2 o f/1 con superficies asfĂ©ricas, se estaba en todo momento al lĂ­mite absoluto de lo posible en esos momentos con respecto a la dificultad constructiva de dichos elementos asfĂ©ricos que habĂ­an de ser torneados y posteriormente pulidos manualmente, utilizando mĂ©todos de enorme complejidad y lentitud, y a la vez era imposible evitar un coste de fabricaciĂłn excesivamente alto, lo cual dificultaba exponencialmente las opciones comerciales de producciĂłn en serie, independientemente de la vĂ­a asfĂ©rica que se adoptara.


Cabe destacar tambiĂ©n el hecho de que ademĂĄs del Ășnico prototipo de Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH con superficies asfĂ©ricas diseñado por Mandler en Midland (Canada) en 1963, hubo seis prototipos de Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1 ASPH fabricados en 1973 en Wetzlar por Helmut Marx, (cinco en color negro y uno cromado) que incluĂ­an dos elementos asfĂ©ricos y eran una evoluciĂłn del Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 de 1966, con un 50 % mĂĄs de luminosidad, aunque no se pudo llevar a cabo la producciĂłn para mercado debido al desmesurado coste de fabricaciĂłn y al titĂĄnico trabajo manual, experiencia y pericia necesarios para fabricarlo, de tal manera que Ășnicamente tres diseñadores Ăłpticos alemanes podĂ­an manufacturarlo en ese momento.


Helmut Marx comenzaba a percibir muy claramente (con aproximadamente veinte años de antelación al afianzamiento de los objetivos dotados de elementos asféricos durante la expansión bajo la direccion de Lothar Kölsch del Departamento Optico de Leica, convertido en gran medida en centro de competencia para tecnología de lentes asféricas a partir de finales de los años ochenta) el enorme potencial de las superficies asféricas talladas con excepcional precisión, que permitirían a los diseñadores ópticos liberarse del atåvico concepto de que la superficie de un elemento óptico siempre tenía que representar una sección de esfera.


Dichas superficies asféricas trascendían las descripciones de superficies de elementos basadas en el radio, y a partir de ahora, hasta siete variables mås entraban en liza, si bien debido a que Leica no disponía a principios de los años setenta de las modernas måquinas CNC que la empresa alemana posee en la actualidad y que interpretan con precisión y a gran velocidad dichas variables, Helmut Marx tuvo que realizar muchísimos cålculos manuales para diseñar en 1973 los anteriormente citados seis prototipos de Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1 ASPH Wetzlar.


Por su parte, Mandler era consciente en la fabrica Ernst Leitz Canada de Midland (Ontario) de que este serĂ­a el camino del futuro, con los diseñadores Ăłpticos de Leica utilizando superficies asfĂ©ricas en los objetivos de mayor calidad y grandes aberturas mĂĄximas de diafragma (sobre todo aquellos con luminosidades entre f/1 y f/2) tomando decisiones sobre quĂ© aberraciones en concreto deseaban eliminar con los elementos asfĂ©ricos y decidiendo cual era la mejor ubicaciĂłn de los mismos dentro de la cĂ©lula Ăłptica, reduciendo frecuentemente el nĂșmero de elementos (en comparaciĂłn con los clĂĄsicos diseños con superficies esfĂ©ricas, que generalmente tenĂ­an un mayor nĂșmero de elementos, con el subsiguiente aumento en tamaño y peso), logrando crear objetivos mĂĄs ligeros y compactos y de superior calidad Ăłptica.


Pero lógicamente, se estaba todavía muy lejos del total perfeccionamiento a partir de 2003 de los dos sistemas de fabricación de superficies asféricas vigentes actualmente en Leica: a) aspherical blank moulding -sistema replicativo basado en la producción de elementos ópticos manufacturados mediante presión realizada con gran exactitud sobre bloques de vidrio, lo cual del modo en que lo hace Leica permite obtener superficies asféricas de geometría compleja con precisión de formas y calidades comparables a las que se obtendrían mediante tallado o pulido mecånico del mås alto nivel, pero con un coste de producción mucho mås asumible- para angulares y b) tallado y pulido con måquinas CNC de altísima precisión para objetivos de focales medias y largas.


Walter Mandler sabĂ­a tanto que el mĂĄs mĂ­nimo error de tallado de las superficies asfĂ©ricas modificaba al instante la direcciĂłn de un rayo de luz como que la correcciĂłn de dichas superficies asfĂ©ricas es tremendamente complicada y exigĂ­a en aquellos momentos, a principios de la dĂ©cada de los setenta, muchĂ­simo trabajo manual artesanal, desechar un alto porcentaje de vidrios Ăłpticos de elevado coste y ello habrĂ­a repercutido en un astronĂłmico precio de venta al pĂșblico, por lo que Mandler habĂ­a diseñado en 1969 el Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1 con 7 elementos en 6 grupos, 630 g y sin superficies asfĂ©ricas, superando en la mayorĂ­a de parĂĄmetros importantes vinculados con la calidad de imagen al Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH de Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel, mediante la enorme proeza Ăłptica de llevar el diseño Doble Gauss a sus Ășltimos confines viables de calidad Ăłptica y mĂĄxima luminosidad, descritos tento en su mĂ­tica tesis doctoral Uber die Berechnung einfacher Gauss-Objektive en la Universidad de Giessen en 1979 como en su disertaciĂłn Design of Double Double Gauss Lenses durante la Conferencia Internacional de Diseño Optico de 1980.


Los prototipos Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1 ASPH creados en Wetzlar en 1973 tuvieron su origen en el hecho de que el profesor Helmut Marx tenía ya bastante desarrollado en dicho año su famoso programa COMO de corrección, optimización y miniaturización óptica a traves de ortogonalización para cålculo óptico computerizado, que incluía todos los paråmetros imaginables necesarios para hacer técnicamente viable un sistema óptico: diferentes tipos de vidrios ópticos e índices de refracción, dispersión, dispersión anómala parcial, grosor de los elementos de la fórmula óptica, espaciados y radios posibles, etc.


Por otra parte, la intervenciĂłn de Dieter Jung y Gerd Bergmann fue decisiva para la creaciĂłn tanto del Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH de 1966 como de los cinco prototipos de Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1 ASPH de 1973, ya que Helmut Marx contĂł con la colaboraciĂłn de ambos grandes expertos del departamento de tecnologĂ­a de sistemas Ăłpticos de Leitz, que fueron pioneros en este ĂĄmbito, diseñando desde principios de los años sesenta una mĂĄquina de tallado y pulido que supuso por entonces un autĂ©ntico hito, sin olvidar la valiosa ayuda de Kurt BĂŒttner (perteneciente a la secciĂłn de experimentos Ăłpticos de Leica y consumada autoridad en temas relacionados con precisiĂłn Ăłptica), Hans Faber y Ernst Strauch (miembros del departamento de sistemas Ăłpticos de Leitz), etc.


Pero pese a la cooperaciĂłn de los anteriormente citados expertos y a que el programa COMO ayudaba muchĂ­simo al diseño de objetivos en Leica, Helmut Marx era plenamente consciente de que por muy bueno que sea un programa computerizado de cĂĄlculo Ăłptico y su correcciĂłn automĂĄtica de una amplĂ­sima gama de variables (siempre con la mĂĄxima miniaturizacion posible tĂ­pica en los objetivos de la firma germana, lo cual dificulta exponencialmente las cosas), no es suficiente para conseguir el nivel mĂĄximo de calidad Ăłptica y mecĂĄnica de un objetivo, ya que ha de ser un diseñador Ăłptico quien maneje el programa, por lo cual el conocimiento, pericia y experiencia del mismo, serĂĄn los factores clave a la hora de dar los Ășltimos toques decisivos al objetivo antes de comenzar su fase de fabricaciĂłn, de tal manera que incluso con estos parĂĄmetros informatizados que ahorran muchĂ­simo trabajo y años de esfuerzo (piĂ©nsese por ejemplo en los años treinta y cuarenta en que un objetivo Leica de gama alta precisaba a menudo el trabajo de de uno o varios diseñadores Ăłpticos de renombre durante varios años), el diseño de un objetivo Leica de altas prestaciones necesita varios meses para su realizaciĂłn, tal y como ocurriĂł por ejemplo con el Summicron-M 28 mm f/2 ASPH, cuyo cĂĄlculo Ăłptico fue logrado por Michael Heiden en cuatro meses de duro trabajo, siendo tambiĂ©n importantes las aportaciones de Holger Wieland (parte mecĂĄnica), Rainer Schnabel (montaje Ăłptico), Oliver Raab (supervisiĂłn de la fabricaciĂłn de elementos Ăłpticos) y Thorsten von Eicken (control de calidad de imagen).


Obviamente, el programa COMO era y es (fue aĂșn mĂĄs perfeccionado durante las siguientes dĂ©cadas por Wolfgang Vollrath, Sigrun Kammans y Michael Heiden) extraordinariamente Ăștil para diseñar objetivos de gran abertura mĂĄxima con excelente calidad Ăłptica y mecĂĄnica, pero el diseñador Ăłptico ha de utilizar toda su experiencia e intuiciĂłn para utilizar el programa del mejor modo posible. Y Ă©sto es lo verdaderamente dificil, ya que las aberraciones de imĂĄgenes estĂĄn relacionadas con hasta aproximadamente cincuenta dimensiones matemĂĄticas diferentes que hay que intentar equilibrar, ya que no existe la Ăłptica perfecta y siempre en mayor o menor medida hay que buscar compromisos.


Salvando las lĂłgicas distancias de tiempo, diferente diseño Ăłptico, focal, etc, algo parecido a lo acontecido tanto con el prototipo Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH Midland creado por Mandler en 1963 como con los cinco prototipos Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1 ASPH Wetzlar creados por Helmut Marx en 1973, ocurrirĂ­a posteriormente, en 1987, con el extraordinario y ultraluminoso prototipo Canon FD 300 mm f1.8L (en gran medida precursor del actual Canon USM 300 mm f2.8L y del que Canon apenas hizo publicidad, siendo un objetivo en prĂĄcticamente desconocido para el gran pĂșblico e incluso para los profesionales), con dos enormes elementos de fluorita con nĂșmero Abbe 95,1 y gran calidad de imagen incluso a plena abertura, pero cuyo exorbitante coste de producciĂłn obligĂł a descartar el proyecto en favor de posteriores versiones 300 mm f2.8 autofocus, no contemplĂĄndose posteriormente el diseño de un nuevo 300 mm f1.8 L AF con motor USM, por razones de muy elevado peso que le hacen poco prĂĄctico, gran dificultad de construcciĂłn y coste de fabricaciĂłn excesivamente alto, que le harĂ­a tener una difĂ­cil salida de cara al mercado.


Algo similar ocurrió también con un misterioso Zunow 75 mm f/1, cuyo paradero también es hoy por hoy una incógnita, pero del que existen varios indicios para creer que existió realmente.


Pero el primer prototipo de objetivo Leica para cåmaras telemétricas de serie M en la focal de 50 mm f/1.2 y dotado con superficies asféricas fue diseñado por Walter Mandler a mediados de 1963, poco antes de que Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel tuvieran preparado el prototipo de su Noctilux-M 50 mm f1.2 Aspherical en fase bastante avanzada.


QuizĂĄ tenĂ­a que haber puesto en el citado reportaje 1963 en vez de 1966.


Aun siendo épocas y productos distintos, me viene a la memoria en estos momentos el debate que se suscitó hace tiempo sobre si la primera cåmara réflex de 35 mm de la historia fue la Sport rusa de 1936 o la Kine Exakta alemana también de 1936, que entiendo fue la primera de la historia y apareció varios meses antes que la Sport rusa.


De todos modos, desde un punto de vista de producciĂłn autorizada por la empresa, de presentaciĂłn a los medios y en las ferias fotogrĂĄficas importantes a nivel mundial, asĂ­ como de fabricaciĂłn para su venta al pĂșblico y sobre todo entusiastas de la marca (en una limitada cantidad de aproximadamente 1500 Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH producidos entre 1966 y 1975) y desde el punto de vista de la historia oficial, estĂĄ claro que el modelo f/1.2 que saliĂł adelante y existiĂł realmente en el mercado fotogrĂĄfico fue el Noctilux de Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel, con lo cual obviamente decir que el Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 Asph fue diseñado por ellos es perfectamente correcto, sobre todo a efectos prĂĄcticos y asĂ­ aparece en todo tipo de bibliografĂ­a de referencia.


Otra cosa es quien diseñó el primer prototipo de Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH para cåmaras Leicas M telemétricas, que en mi opinión fue Walter Mandler aproximadamente a mediados de 1963.


Dice el refrån que a veces unos cardan la lana y otros llevan la fama. Y ademås, el prototipo de Mandler del que nunca se hizo publicidad por parte de Midland (Ontario) y del que se guardó siempre un sepulcral silencio tras la continuación del proyecto Noctilux de Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel, considero que tuvo un mérito añadido enorme, ya que Mandler no pudo disponer de la nueva gama de vidrios ópticos ultramodernos y muy exóticos de altísima refracción y dispersión contenida que Heinz Broemer y Norbert Meiner desarrollaron entre 1958 y mediados de los sesenta (basados en óxido de lantano, bióxido de silicio y óxido de boro) a los que se añadían cantidades variables de óxido de calcio, óxido de cadmio, óxido de aluminio, óxido de magnesio, óxido de itrio, trióxido de tungsteno, fluoruro de sodio, óxido de bario, pentaóxido de niobio, óxido de zinc, óxido de tantalio, fluoruro de calcio, óxido de aluminio, óxido de berilio, etc, constituidos en elementos secundarios que permitían mantener en todo momento las cualidades físicas y ópticas del vidrio.


En el caso del Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH, evidentemente éste no fue el caso. Se cardó la lana en Wetzlar por parte de Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel y también en gran medida Walter Mandler llevaba cardando la lana tanto o mås desde finales de los años cincuenta, con otros métodos, materiales y recursos muy sui géneris, intentando conseguir un 50 mm de la mayor luminosidad posible y con muy buena calidad de imagen, nitidez y contraste, incluso a plena abertura, aderezada por bajísimos niveles de distorsión, algo que por aquellas fechas implicaba, por motivos de límite de conocimientos ópticos y de coste de producción, la frontera de f/1.2 como måxima luminosidad viable preservando a la vez una excelente calidad óptica.


Es decir, los años sesenta significaron la eclosión de una época dorada de Leica, con fuerte competencia paralela entre el equipo de Ernst Leitz Wetzlar (Alemania) y el de Ernst Leitz Canada en Midland (Ontario) que continuaría durante los años setenta y ochenta, con un genial Walter Mandler que aplicando criterios esencialmente pråcticos buscaba siempre reducir los costes de producción al måximo manteniendo la mayor calidad posible y creando objetivos con viabilidad comercial, optimizando con frecuencia diseños ópticos ya existentes, llevåndolos hasta sus cotas extremas de rendimiento, y superando con cierta frecuencia al equipo de Wetzlar (que siempre o casi siempre contó con mås presupuesto y medios) en sus logros.


Desde 1959, Mandler había comenzado a trabajar en el proyecto de un objetivo de 50 mm ultraluminoso para Leica telemétrica, a ser posible f/1.2 y con la calidad óptica habitual en la firma germana, incluso a plena abertura de diafragma, por lo que había estudiado

exhaustivamente las características de varios 50 mm muy luminosos f/1.2 e incluso f1.1 de diferentes marcas, aparecidos en los años cincuenta, como el Canon 50 mm f/1.2 para cåmara telemétrica (realizado por Hiroshi Ito en 1955); el Nikkor-N 5 cm f/1.1 de Saburo Murakami, con fórmula Gauss de 9 elementos en 6 grupos, presentado en Abril de 1956, el Zunow 50 mm f/1.1 de 1956 con 9 elementos en cinco grupos (impresionante la luminosidad para un diseño Sonnar) para montura de rosca Leica LTM39 y Nikon telemétricas, el Zunow 58 mm f/1.1 para montura Pentax/Praktica y Exakta, etc.

Mandler analizĂł todos muy en profundidad, especialmente el Nikkor-N 5 cm 1.1 (orgullo de Nippon Kogaku), la obra maestra del gran diseñador de Nikon Saburo Murakami, un objetivo de extrema dificultad constructiva y que incorporaba cristal de lantano de alta refracciĂłn y baja dispersiĂłn. En ese momento, este objetivo japonĂ©s era en buena medida el mayor logro Ăłptico de la historia en lo tocante a objetivos fotogrĂĄficos superluminosos para cĂĄmaras de 35 mm, que se adelantĂł a su tiempo y evidentemente se hallaba en la vanguardia tecnolĂłgica, con una impresionante para la Ă©poca correcciĂłn de las aberraciones transversales, a costa de una distorsiĂłn del 3´8%.


Estaba claro que Ă©ste era el 50 mm ultraluminoso a batir por Leica, y ademĂĄs Saburo Murakami habĂ­a postulado con este objetivo una serie de leyes para la reducciĂłn del coma y el astigmatismo. Pero en general, eran objetivos que aĂșn siendo autĂ©nticas proezas de diseño Ăłptico, daban un contraste bajo y elevados niveles de distorsiĂłn, junto con una frecuente aberraciĂłn de coma en los bordes como era el caso del Zunow 50 mm f/1.1.


AsĂ­ pues, en 1959 Walter Mandler comenzĂł a trabajar en el diseño de un 50 mm de gran luminosidad f/1.2 (antes incluso que el equipo de Wetzlar –no hay que olvidar que Mandler era el Ăłptico con mayor nivel de preparaciĂłn de Leica a nivel mundial-) con un claro objetivo: lograr el altĂ­simo standard de calidad Ăłptica de Leica a todas las aberturas, incluyendo las mĂĄs grandes, con un muy buen contraste y reduciendo la distorsiĂłn al mĂ­nimo posible.


De este modo, se iniciĂł una tremenda competencia entre el departamento de Diseño Óptico de Midland (Ontario, CanadĂĄ) y el de Wetzlar (en Alemania), con un epicentro de trabajo en buena medida comĂșn: llevar al culmen de calidad y prestaciones Ăłpticas el diseño base Gauss de 6 elementos en 4 grupos, evoluciĂłn directa del Planar de Paul Rudolph de 1896, siempre con la mĂĄs elevada nitidez y contraste como obsesiĂłn, asĂ­ como la bĂșsqueda de un bokeh de muy apreciable belleza al utilizar grandes aberturas.


Ademås, Mandler siguió estudiando con ahínco nuevos diseños ópticos ultraluminosos japoneses que iban apareciendo, como por ejemplo el Canon 50 mm f/1.2 de 1956 para Canon telemétrica con montura S, el Canon 50 mm f/0.95 de siete elementos en cinco grupos para Canon 7S telemétrica (objetivo ultraluminoso de 1961 con no muy buena calidad de imagen a plena abertura, inspirado en una optica standard muy similar diseñada por el holandés Johannes Becker, de la empresa holandesa N.V. Optische Industrie de Oude Delft), el Fujinon 50 mm f/1.2, etc.


Mandler tambiĂ©n analizĂł exhaustivamente los objetivos superluminosos ultramodernos para aplicaciones especiales que esta empresa holandesa habĂ­a fabricado durante los años cincuenta y sesenta, en especial el Rayxar 50 mm f/0.75, con su exiguo espacio retrofocal de 0´8 mm.


Hay que tener en cuenta tambiĂ©n que hasta 1969, Walter Mandler no pudo disponer de los cinco novedosos y extraordinarios vidrios Ăłpticos de altĂ­sima refracciĂłn, lo mejor de lo mejor disponible en el mundo en ese momento, que Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel habĂ­an introducido en su Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH: uno con nD=1,792; otro con nD=1,821; otro con nD=1,844 y dos con nD=1,900, el famoso “Vidrio Optico 900/1 Noctilux”, de elevado precio y que serĂ­a empleado tambiĂ©n por Mandler en las versiones 1 y 2 del Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1, diseñado en 1969 y lanzado al mercado en 1976, con el que sin utilizar asfĂ©ricos y con un 50% mas de luminosidad mĂĄxima - con el enorme mĂ©rito que ello conlleva- superĂł ligeramente en calidad de imagen al Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH de Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel entre f/1.4 y f/2.8, (aunque no a f/1.2, ya que el Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 de Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel estaba enormemente optimizado para dar su mĂĄximo rendimiento optico a su mĂĄxima apertura, aunque a diafragmas cerrados da bastante mejor calidad de lo que muchos creen, ademas de que su tratamiento antirreflejos es excelente) batiĂ©ndole ligeramente entre f/4 y f/11, superĂĄndole tambien en correcciĂłn de las aberraciones en el plano sagital, en ligeramente menor distorsiĂłn, superior tratamiento antirreflejos -en mi opinion el mejor del mundo en esta faceta-, en el microcontraste de detalles finos, en calidad Ăłptica en las distancias mĂ­nimas de enfoque (sobre todo entre f/1.4 y f/2.8), en bokeh (tema siempre subjetivo, aunque la inmensa mayorĂ­a de expertos coinciden en que el bokeh del Noctilux f/1 de Mandler a plena abertura es soberbio), en el mantenimiento increĂ­ble de las formas en las zonas desenfocadas de la imagen bajo todo tipo de contextos lumĂ­nicos -incluso los de luz mĂĄs tenue- y en menor Blendendifferenz (desviaciĂłn de enfoque), bajando el coste de producciĂłn (pese a seguir siendo un objetivo de alto precio), permitiendo la fabricaciĂłn en nĂșmero significativo y haciĂ©ndolo rentable a nivel comercial, sin duda un logro destacado.


No obstante, con respecto a las comparaciones entre el Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH de Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel y el Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1 Doble Gauss de Walter Mandler (en las que el diseño no asferico de Mandler aventaja en calidad optica al de Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel, siempre entendiendo que ambos son excelentes objetivos), creo sinceramente que pueden ofrecer resultados distintos e incluso quiza hasta insólitos, debido a que es virtualmente imposible a mi entender que exista homogeneidad de rendimiento óptico no solo en las diversas remesas de Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH manufacturados por Helmut Marx y Paul Sincel entre 1966 y 1975, sino incluso me atrevería a decir que es muy difícil que existan siquiera dos unidades que ofrezcan el mismo rendimiento óptico, porque el método de tallado manual de las dos superficies asféricas que tuvieron que llevar a cabo ambos diseñadores en Wetzlar era manual/artesanal, de extrema dificultad, con probables fases de gran stress y agotamiento, y ello tuvo que provocar inexorablemente una variabilidad unidad por unidad en mayor o menor medida. De hecho, ha habido tests en los que este objetivo ha ofrecido su mayor calidad óptica a f/1.2 (que disminuia a partir de f/2) y otros realizados con unidades distintas en las que ha alcanzado su mayor rendimiento al diafragmar.


Por otra parte, la bĂșsqueda constante de objetivos con gran calidad Ăłptica, muy bello bokeh y la mayor luminosidad posible, habĂ­a sido desde sus orĂ­genes una de las razones de ser de Leica, al igual que en los diseños de Carl Zeiss, su mĂĄxima competidora hasta finales de los años cincuenta, con la ya muy fuerte pujanza de las empresas fotogrĂĄficas japonesas.


No hay que olvidar que Walter Mandler habĂ­a mantenido contacto con Max Berek los Ășltimos años de la vida profesional del genial diseñador de Elmars, Hektors, etc. Y Max Berek habĂ­a transmitido a Mandler sus enormes conocimientos Ăłpticos, por lo que Walter Mandler fue el siguiente eslabĂłn evolutivo diacrĂłnico de grandĂ­simos Ăłpticos de Leica, al que seguirĂ­an Lothar Kölsch, Sigrun Kammans, Horst Schroder, Peter Karbe, etc.


Es importante tener en cuenta que cuando se diseñan el primer prototipo de Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH Midland (Mandler, 1963), el Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH Wetzlar (Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel, 1965), la primera versión del Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1 Midland sin asféricos (Mandler, 1969) y los seis prototipos de Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1 ASPH Wetzlar (Helmut Marx, 1973), Leica se halla en los albores de la tecnología de tallado y pulido de superficies asféricas, trabajando con muchísimas dificultades, con muy pocos medios, y haciendo las cosas esencialmente de modo manual, con métodos mayormente artesanales y faltaban todavía aproximadamente 30 años para la definitiva y dificilísima consecución de la perfección de tallado y pulido de asféricos por parte de Leica, lo cual daría el impulso definitivo a su masiva producción en serie con ópticas de diferentes focales y luminosidades, algo que fue logrado a finales de los noventa por Michael Thomas y Stefan Dahlhaus, del departamento de fabricacion optica de Leica Camera AG, siempre entendiendo que la gran fuerza impulsora que convirtió a Leica en la primera empresa fotogråfica del mundo en fabricar en serie objetivos con superficies asféricas habia sido con anterioridad Gerd Bergman, Jefe del Departamento de Tecnología de Sistemas Opticos, auténtica enciclopedia viviente óptica y eminencia diacrónica en el tallado y pulido de superficies asféricas con todas las måquinas especiales que Leica diseñó para ello desde principios de los años sesenta.


Mandler, siempre luchando por conseguir llevar al límite måximo de calidad fórmulas ópticas base ya existentes, estudió en profundidad todos los diseños clåsicos y prototipos fabricados en unidades muy limitadas de objetivos fotogråficos, cinematogråficos e incluso los enfocados a aplicaciones específicas como rayos x, en especial:


- El Astro-Berlin 25 mm f1 para cĂĄmaras de 16 mm, el Astro-BerlĂ­n 50 mm y 75 mm f1 para cine de 35 mm.


- El Schmidt Solide f0.35, telescopio catadiĂłptrico de 1929.


- Dos objetivos especiales para aplicaciones con rayos X: el Tachon Astro-Berlin 50 mm f0.95 fabricado especialmente durante los años cincuenta; y el Wray f0.71 de 1950 fabricado por Wray Optical Works (Kent, Inglaterra) para cine-radiografía en 35 mm. Ambos con base de triplete.


- Los objetivos Tachonar para cine, dotados de un tercer elemento positivo delante del iris de abertura y con pequeño ångulo de visión.


- El objetivo Schneider Kreuznach f1.2 de 1930, con 8 elementos en 5 grupos, diseñado por Albert Wilhelm Tronnier.


- El proyecto de 1933 de Horace William Lee, óptico que durante los años treinta llevó a cabo estudios y diseños ópticos muy importantes (en especial dos objetivo f1 y uno f1.1 de fórmula Gauss), siempre buscando las måximas luminosidades y calidades de imagen posibles.


- Distintas fĂłrmulas Ăłpticas derivadas de triplete para cine en 16 mm como el Saphir Boyer f1.1 de 6 elementos en 4 grupos.


- El prototipo de objetivo f1 diseñado por Pierre Angenieux en 1953 (que incluía 6 componentes alineados separados por espacios de aire y que es un derivado del tipo Gauss, optimizado para obtener un importante incremento de la abertura relativa, preservando a la vez una buena corrección de las aberraciones esféricas).


- Los objetivos para aplicaciones cientĂ­ficas con rayos X Summar 7´5 cm f0.85 y Summar 15 cm F0.85, correspondientes al Röntgenschirmbild Aufnahmen im Program promovido por Ernst Leitz en Wetzlar en 1936.


- El Rodenstock XR Heligon f0.75 de 1962, para videocåmaras y fluoroscopios, diseñado por Karl-Heinz Penning.


E incluso el Wollensak Raptar CRT 52 mm f1 con obturador Alphax, para cĂĄmaras de gran formato y fotografĂ­a de pantallas de osciloscopio.


Walter Mandler tenĂ­a en la cabeza todo tipo de alternativas Ăłpticas y conocĂ­a las caracterĂ­sticas mas recĂłnditas de objetivos muy diversos, ademĂĄs de poseer una ingente variedad de recursos de cosecha propia, fruto de su enorme experiencia, que intentaba utilizar tratando de conseguir la mĂĄxima calidad Ăłptica posible ( en cuanto a nitidez, contraste, bello bokeh, etc) con un coste de producciĂłn que no excediera los lĂ­mites de lo comercialmente rentable.


Y desde luego, lo consiguiĂł. De hecho, el Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1 primera versiĂłn (1976-1994), diseñado en 1969 (puse directamente 1976 por inercia, al ser el año de su presentaciĂłn, aunque el diseño efectivamente es de 1969) y lanzado al mercado en 1976 (segĂșn el Leica Pocket Book 6th Edition Hove Collectors Books y otras muchas fuentes, aunque tambiĂ©n hay algunas referencias que afirman que saliĂł al mercado en 1975) , y segunda versiĂłn (1994-2008) ambos con idĂ©ntica fĂłrmula Ăłptica, dan mĂĄs calidad de imagen que el Noctilux 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH de Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel (con la Ășnica excepcion de a f/1.2, en la que el diseño de Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel logra un ligeramente mayor rendimiento Ăłptico en un porcentaje significativo de unidades) , con un menor coste de producciĂłn, ya que Mandler en esos momentos fue capaz de superar la incipiente tecnologĂ­a de superficies asfĂ©ricas del Noctilux 1.2 Wetzlar con un diseño Doble Gauss llevado al lĂ­mite, en el que volcĂł todo su inmenso conocimiento y experiencia en la optimizaciĂłn del uso de las diferentes regiones del mapa de vidrios Ăłpticos disponibles y la acertada elecciĂłn de los mismos en funciĂłn de sus propiedades de transmisiĂłn, disponibilidad, propiedades tĂ©rmicas, resistencia antimacular al paso de los años, dispersiĂłn parcial, correcciĂłn de color primario, correcciĂłn del espectro secundario, etc, ademĂĄs de dominar como nadie las seis constantes que caracterizan la dispersiĂłn de vidrios Ăłpticos y que varĂ­an de modo considerable segun el tipo de los mismos, lo que origina curvas de dispersiĂłn diferentes.


AdemĂĄs, Mandler tuvo que aplicar muchos toques manuales a este mĂ­tico objetivo, ya que aunque la dependencia de los Ă­ndices de refracciĂłn de la longitud de onda lumĂ­nica puede expresarse de diferentes modos, ninguna de dichas expresiones posee alta precisiĂłn sobre la totalidad del ĂĄmbito de transmisiĂłn de cada vidrio Ăłptico, por lo que el Mozart Optico de Ernst Leitz CanadĂĄ en Midland (Ontario) tuvo que ajustar las mĂĄs veces una por una, mediante su meticulosa supervisiĂłn personal, una amplia gama de importantes variables existentes para poder hacer viable el Noctilux f/1 sin asfĂ©ricos, renunciando en gran medida a utilizar el ordenador Elliot 402F que habĂ­a sido muy Ăștil a Helmut Marx y Paul Sindel durante el diseño del Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.2 ASPH en Wetzlar, y aprovechando al mĂĄximo el desarrollo de nuevos vidrios Ăłpticos con propiedades refringentes especiales que aparecieron a finales de los años sesenta y que resultaron decisivos para la implementaciĂłn del diseño Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1 sin asfĂ©ricos.


El Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1 sin asfĂ©ricos de Walter Mandler ha sido uno de los mayores logros Ăłpticos en toda la historia de la fotografĂ­a, y por increĂ­ble que pueda parecer, el referente incuestionable de calidad en Ăłpticas standard de 50 mm ultraluminosas de mĂĄxima apertura f/1 durante nada menos que 40 años (desde 1969 -año de su diseño- hasta 2009 en que apareciĂł el Noctilux-M 50 mm f/0.95 ASPH), con una estĂ©tica de imagen absolutamente Ășnica a mĂĄxima apertura f/1, que quizĂĄ nunca podrĂĄ ser emulada, y de la que las imĂĄgenes realizadas por el fotĂłgrafo japonĂ©s Tommy Oshima a la modelo Misa-san son un fiel exponente.


A destacar también el hecho de que los Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1 sin asféricos en su versión 2 (1994-2008), llevan multirrevestimientos ópticos de mayor calidad que los de la versión 1( 1976-1994) , especialmente los fabricados en Alemania entre 1998 y 2008 tras la venta a Hughes (que a su vez la revendió posteriormente a Raytheon) de la mítica fåbrica Elcan en Midland (Ontario), con lo cual obtienen un rendimiento óptico algo mayor.


Era tal el conocimiento y prestigio de Walter Mandler en Leica, que sus diseños realizados en Midland (Canadå) tuvieron con frecuencia una enorme influencia en lo que se hacía en Wetzlar.


AsĂ­ ocurriĂł por ejemplo durante la gĂ©nesis del proyecto Noctilux-R 52 mm f/1.2 sin asfĂ©ricos, cuyo Ășnico prototipo fue realizado en Wetzlar a principios de los años ochenta, fuertemente inspirado en el Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1 sin asfĂ©ricos de Mandler, pero que tuvo que ser abandonado debido a la ausencia de sinergia con un diafragma automĂĄtico (que precisaba mucho espacio dentro del objetivo para su implementaciĂłn) y las enormes dificultades para poder reducir el diĂĄmetro del objetivo a la mĂĄxima miniaturizaciĂłn posible que Leica siempre intenta, factores ambos que limitaban notablemente su operatividad.


Walter Mandler fue ademĂĄs el principal responsable junto con Walter KlĂŒck de la supervivencia de la lĂ­nea M de cĂĄmaras telemĂ©tricas y sus objetivos, el principal baluarte de calidad fotogrĂĄfica de Leica a nivel mundial, ya que en 1974, el empeño personal de Walter KlĂŒck y Mandler por convencer a los dirigentes econĂłmicos de la empresa de que las cĂĄmaras telemĂ©tricas tenĂ­an futuro, dĂ­Ăł sus frutos, lo cual permitiĂł la subsistencia y ulterior desarrollo de la gama Leica M, hasta la excelente Leica M8, que representa en gran medida la continuidad histĂłrica de dicha emblemĂĄtica saga por parte de la prestigiosa firma fotografica alemana, con una transiciĂłn analĂłgico-digital que no ha supuesto en absoluto una ruptura con los principios bĂĄsicos y la filosofĂ­a de Leica en toda su historia, sino la plena confirmaciĂłn y 

expansiĂłn de sus principales valores.

JosĂ© Manuel Serrano Esparza. 

SINFONIA ECUESTRE

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza
Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza
Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

SinfonĂ­a Ecuestre es actualmente una de las exhibiciones artĂ­sticas mĂĄs prodigiosas y originales que puedan verse en el ĂĄmbito internacional, caracterizĂĄndose por la sinergia entre la mĂșsica sinfĂłnico-flamenca dirigida por Manolo Carrasco, director de este espectĂĄculo Ășnico en su gĂ©nero y los mĂĄs bellos caballos del mundo, es decir, los pertenecientes a la Real Escuela Andaluza de Arte Ecuestre de Jerez de la Frontera.

Una inolvidable puesta en escena caracterizada por su precisiĂłn, colorido y tradiciĂłn, creada para solaz y asombro de niños y adultos, en un marco incomparable potenciado por la experiencia y pericia de una amplia gama de jinetes de alto nivel, que consiguen un objetivo admirable: hacer bailar a los legendarios caballos andaluces entre ingentes cotas de pasiĂłn, emociĂłn, grandiosa mĂșsica de fondo y las constantes magnĂ­ficas cabriolas de los caballos que provocan el clĂ­max en los graderĂ­os.

Pictures taken on Vistalegre Arena (Madrid) on July 23, 2009
Copyright Text and Photos: Jose Manuel Serrano Esparza

Equestrian Shymphony is currently one of the most wonderful and original artistic displays which can be seen within the international scope, encompassing a synergy between the live symphonic-flamenco music directed by Manolo Carrasco, the conductor of this unique show, and the most beautiful horses in the world, id est, those belonging to the Andalusian Royal School of Equestrian Art in Jerez de la Frontera.

An unforgettable performance of thoroughness, colour and tradition, created for the relish and amazement of children and adults alike, in an unmatched frame enhanced by the expertise of a wide range of top-notch riders who manage to attain a remarkable aim: the legendary Andalusian horses will dance in the middle of tons of passion, emotions, great background music and the steady gorgeous prancing of the horses and climax on the bleachers.


ROBERT CAPA USING LARGE FORMAT IN THE SWISS ALPS

Text by: Jose Manuel Serrano Esparza. LHSA

Bandi had always been an enthusiast of skiing since his teenage days during second half of 1920s when he often went to ski on Buda hills (which were accessible then through a racked train) taking with him some rudimentary wooden skis with simple leather straps.

And when he was 16 years old he was able to go down skiing the slope of the Svabhegy hill.

Skiing would go on being one of his lifetime passions.

In this image of 1950, whose author is unknown, we can see Robert Capa in Klosters (Switzerland) using a Linhof III 4 x 5 (9x12 cm) large format camera featuring a coupled Kalart rangefinder and a Schneider-Kreuznach Tele-Xenar 270 mm f/5.5 with Compur shutter.

The square metallic structure which is over the board is the Linhof sports finder on top of the front standard, a wire viewing frame to see what comes on the picture, while the visible metallic part of the lens is a sunshade, silver at the outside and black or dark at the inside, meant to keep out sunlight from hitting the glass elements of the lens.

The picture was made in Gotschnagrat, a mountain in the Plessur Range, during a resting period of Capa in Klosters, a little village of the Swiss Alps, located in the east of the Helvetian Confederation, in the district of Prattigau/Davos (Graubunden Canton), famous because of its world class skiing tracks and situated on the northeast of the town of Davos, near the Austrian southeast frontier.

Capa had been going to Klosters for skiing holiday since 1939 (specially in December) and there he coincided with a lot of friends of his: Peter Viertel, Irwin Shaw, Syd Chaplin, Anatole Litvak,
Howard Hawks, etc.

Even, Capa had made a very good friendship with the Royal Dutch Family.

The second image, whose author is also unknown, was taken in 1938, probably in Paris, and shows Capa with a legendary large format 4 x 5 Speed Graphic camera and a Schneider Kreuznach lens in the 127-150 mm range.

This Speed Graphic is an old body with the shutter controls on the right side, because the newer models have a shutter release in bright metal on the front rim of the body.

P.S: The author wants to express his deepest gratitude to John D. de Vries, John Lawrence, Graham Lowe and David Duhan, members of the f/2.5 AERO EKTAR USER GROUP for their kind attention, invaluable help and impressive knowledge, which has been very important for the identification of the cameras and lenses used by Capa in these two historical b & w pictures, whose authors are unknown, and which prove that though much less extensively than 35 mm rangefinder cameras and 6 x 6 cm medium format Rolleiflex ones, he sometimes also used large format during his professional career.
Text inscribed in the Territorial Registry of the Intellectual Property of Madrid.

Texto inscrito en el Registro Territorial de la Propiedad Intelectual de Madrid.
Copyright Jose Manuel Serrano Esparza. LHSA