José Manuel Serrano Esparza. LHSA
ENGLISH VERSION
Durante las últimas semanas se ha generado un curioso debate centrado en la Hipótesis de Pepe Pásame los Alicates sobre una famosa fotografía hecha por Robert Capa a las afueras de Teruel de un soldado republicano que resultó muerto subido en un árbol mientras reparaba los cables de una línea telefónica, y según la cual se afirma con rotundidad que el soldado republicano que aparece en la imagen está vivo, lo cual no es cierto.
PRECISIONES IMPORTANTES
Photo: Robert Capa. © Estate of Cornell Capa /ICP / Magnum
Hasta la celebración de la exhibición fotográfica La Maleta Mexicana en el International Center of Photography de Nueva York (que tuvo lugar entre el 24 de Septiembre de 2010 y el 8 de Mayo de 2011), ésta era la única foto conocida de las tres tomadas por Capa junto al mencionado árbol en dicho lugar a las afueras de Teruel a finales de Diciembre de 1937, y que ha sido publicada con muy buen criterio durante los últimos veintisiete años por editoriales de notable prestigio internacional en el ámbito fotográfico como Alfred A. Knopf con su libro Robert Capa: Photographs (año 1985), Aperture con su libro Capa: Cara a Cara (año 1999), Phaidon Press con su libro Robert Capa: The Definitive Collection (año 2001), y más recientemente Lunwerg con su libro La Guerra Civil Española: Imágenes para la Historia (Septiembre de 2011) y otros, sin olvidar algunas obras que estaban en buena medida descatalogadas como Robert Capa, Cuadernos de la Guerra Civil en España (1936-1939) editado en 1987 por Ediciones Alfonso el Magnánimo de la Institución Valenciana de Estudios e Investigación y recientemente puesto a la venta por Librería Kowasa.
Pero el libro catálogo de dos volúmenesThe Mexican Suitcase publicado por ICP/Steidl y que comenzó a venderse en Septiembre de 2010 en las instalaciones del International Center of Photography de Nueva York durante la exhibición inaugural La Maleta Mexicana celebrada allí, mostró por primera vez las otras dos fotos captadas por Capa junto al mencionado árbol y que corresponden al carrete de película Agfa formato 35 mm de 36 exposiciones con el que hizo esas tres fotografías y otras 21 más en otros puntos distintos tanto de sus afueras como de su casco urbano, con los dos últimos fotogramas (números 28 y 29) captados en la Plaza del Torico.
Además, tanto las tres fotografías de Capa hechas junto al árbol como las otras veintiuna que realiza después en sitios distintos tanto de las afueras como del interior de la ciudad de Teruel, estuvieron expuestas como contactos 24 x 36 mm en las paredes del ICP de Nueva York durante la primera exhibición a nivel mundial de La Maleta Mexicana (24 de Septiembre de 2010- 8 de Mayo de 2011) y del Musée Départemental Arles Antique durante la segunda exhibición de la misma en el marco de Los Rencontres Photographiques d´Arles (4 de Julio-18 de Septiembre de 2011),
Detalle de la hoja de contactos de 35 mm (con un total de 24 frames) de los negativos 4, 5 y 6 expuestos por Capa en un lugar a las afueras de Teruel entre el 21 y el 24 de Diciembre de 1937 y presente en la pared de una de las salas del Musée Départemental Arles Antique durante la exhibición La Valise Mexicaine celebrada en dicha ciudad en el marco de los Rencontres Photographiques d´Arles (Francia) 2011. Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza
en forma de hoja de contactos correspondiente al carrete de película Agfa pancromática de 35 mm y 36 fotogramas utilizado por Capa para exponer los veinticuatro negativos de dicho carrete, inicialmente encontrados de modo desordenado en La Maleta Mexicana el año 2007.
Se trata del carrete 111, correspondiente a la Batalla de Teruel, y expuesto por Capa a finales de Diciembre de 1937, si bien el verdadero experto en Capa Richard Whelan conocía con mayor precisión la fecha aproximada de Diciembre de dicho año en que Capa pudo tomar la foto del soldado republicano muerto en el árbol, tal y como veremos más tarde.
Así pues, el negativo de la foto ya conocida desde hace muchas décadas y en la que aparece el soldado republicano muerto en el árbol es el fotograma número 6 de la primera tira de negativos del carrete, mientras que las otras dos (fotogramas 4 y 5) son respectivamente las dos previas que toma en ese mismo lugar y que conocemos desde hace más de un año.
Es decir, Capa sólo hace tres fotografías del soldado republicano subido en el árbol, de las cuales precisamente la última (fotograma número 6) es la ya conocida desde la época de la Guerra Civil Española (apareció en Regards el 13 de Enero de 1938 y en Life el 24 de Enero del mismo año), después de la cual Capa ya no hace ni una sola foto más en ese lugar, algo muy significativo, notablemente extraño teniendo en cuenta su trayectoria profesional y su manera de fotografiar, y muy importante para el estudio de la famosa fotografía, tal y como veremos en breve.
Por otra parte, el hecho de que en el ICP de Nueva York se conserven los pies de foto originales de Capa sobre el frente de Aragón y en ninguna parte aparezca una alusión al soldado muerto, no significa automáticamente en absoluto que el soldado republicano que aparece en la foto esté vivo.
De hecho, está muerto o bien mortalmente herido muy pocos segundos antes de fallecer.
UNA MUERTE REAL
Desde Enero de 1938 en que la fotografía fue publicada por Regards y Life, se sabe que el soldado republicano subido en el árbol estaba reparando los cables telefónicos que se aprecian en la imagen cuando de repente recibió un disparo, algo que también ha sido explicado en diferentes libros publicados desde principios de los años ochenta sobre Robert Capa, si bien la hipótesis de electrocución defendida por el ICP en la página 283 del mencionado libro catálogo de dos tomos, no puede ser excluida al 100%.
No es menos cierto que la Agencia Magnum, Richard Whelan y Cornell Capa siempre afirmaron con total convicción y discernimiento que el soldado republicano que aparece en la famosa foto de Capa subido a un árbol (la única conocida hasta hace un año de las tres que hace en ese punto, y en la que no aparece su compañero) está muerto a consecuencia de un disparo realizado por un francotirador franquista, lo cual ha resultado cierto como veremos más tarde.
Por otra parte, en los otros dos negativos (fotogramas 4 y 5, conocidos y vistos por miles de personas por todo el mundo desde hace un año) que Capa expone del soldado republicano subido en el árbol, hay varios aspectos diferenciales muy importantes con respecto al negativo número 6, que es la última foto que Capa hace en este lugar:
a) En el negativo número 4
Photo: Robert Capa. © Estate of Cornell Capa / ICP / Magnum
aparece un compañero del soldado republicano que está subido en el árbol. Este segundo soldado está de pie junto al árbol, mientras el hombre que está subido en él se halla intentando reparar los cables del tendido telefónico. Y junto a los pies de este segundo soldado hay una bobina de cable telefónico (apenas perceptible, ya que es de color oscuro y se encuentra en zona de sombra).
Capa toma esta fotografía desde una posición perpendicular a ambos soldados republicanos. Vemos que el soldado que está en el árbol apoya sus piernas, trasero y espalda en varias ramas gruesas, y su posición es natural, conforme a alguien que está trabajando con los cables, por lo que su cuerpo de cintura para arriba está algo inclinado hacia abajo.
Puede apreciarse parte del cable telefónico de la bobina que sobresale por debajo de uno de los pies del soldado que está en el árbol, mientras que su compañero (que aparece de pie, lateralmente y con su brazo derecho algo doblado con respecto a la cámara telemétrica Contax II y el objetivo Carl Zeiss Jena Sonnar 5 cm f/2 no revestido con el que Capa hace la foto) está mirando al suelo, con los ojos en dirección a la zona inferior derecha del fotograma y las manos en los bolsillos (debido a la temperatura de aproximadamente -10º C que hay en la zona de Teruel en esos instantes) y quizá momentaneamente pensando en algo.
Se aprecian también dos cables tensos de teléfono que salen desde el centro del borde izquierdo del fotograma y que con trayectoria ligeramente ascendente confluyen en el árbol donde está el soldado subido, mientras que se ve otro cable tenso que con trayectoria descendente va desde este árbol a un segundo árbol que aparece a la derecha del fotograma.
b) En el negativo número 5,
Photo: Robert Capa. © Cornell Capa Estate / ICP / Magnum Agency
vemos que Capa se ha movido para hacer la foto desde un ángulo distinto, mientras el soldado republicano sigue subido en el árbol trabajando con los cables y ahora está captado totalmente de espaldas, por lo que únicamente apreciamos su abrigo de invierno y el brazo izquierdo agarrando una rama gruesa en la que buscar otro punto de apoyo (los puntos principales de apoyo continúan estando en la rama gruesa sobre la que descansa el trasero, la rama gruesa sobre la que descansa el pie derecho y la rama gruesa sobre la que se apoya la zona inferior del muslo izquierdo, si bien todo ello está oculto por el abrigo del soldado).
El árbol con el soldado subido en él aparece en la mitad izquierda de la fotografía, mientras que el soldado republicano compañero del que está en el árbol aparece ahora también de pie, pero mucho más nítido, tanto sus facciones como su ropa de invierno (pueden distinguirse incluso los botones de su indumentaria). Está mirando a su compañero mientras trabaja con los cables de teléfono subido en el árbol.
Este segundo soldado sigue con las manos en los bolsillos (ahora ambas muñecas son perfectamente visibles).
Se aprecia al fondo una casa rural hecha en piedra, con varias puertas y ventanas.
Y ahora vemos con mucho mayor nivel de detalle la bobina de color oscuro con cable telefónico que está en el suelo junto a los pies del segundo soldado republicano, así como un tramo de cable telefónico de varios metros que asciende desde la bobina hasta las ramas del árbol y cae por el otro lado.
Se aprecia también un cable de teléfono tenso que va - siguiendo una trayectoria ligeramente descendente- desde justo debajo del abrigo del soldado republicano que está trabajando en el árbol hasta el borde derecho del negativo, así como dos cables telefónicos que también con trayectoria descendente -si bien más pronunciada- van desde el árbol hasta el centro del borde izquierdo del fotograma.
Aunque no vemos el rostro del soldado republicano subido en el árbol, es evidente por su postura (agarrado con su brazo izquierdo a una rama gruesa, con su cuerpo a partir de la cintura inclinado hacia abajo y debido a ello la parte trasera de su cabeza no visible por encima del abrigo), que este hombre, al igual que en el negativo 4, está todavía vivo y trabajando con los cables, mientras su compañero le observa.
c) En el negativo número 6 ( la más famosa de las tres fotos, en la que Capa capta al soldado subido en el árbol, sin que aparezca en el fotograma el compañero que sí está incluido en las dos fotos previas que hace en este mismo punto),
Photo: Robert Capa. © Cornell Capa Estate / ICP / Magnum
vemos que la posición del soldado republicano subido en el árbol es totalmente distinta a la de los negativos 4 y 5, ya que ahora no está inclinado hacia abajo trabajando con cables, sino que estaba tirando de un cable telefónico (que se aprecia en la imagen saliendo de la zona superior del borde izquierdo del fotograma) agarrado con su mano derecha, cuando de repente ha recibido un disparo que le ha matado, y ha quedado en una posición notablemente forzada, con su espalda muy inclinada hacia atrás y la cabeza todavía más.
Este soldado continúa con buena parte de su cuerpo descansando sobre su pie derecho -apoyado en una rama gruesa del árbol- , y aunque a diferencia de las dos fotos precedentes, su pierna izquierda cuelga ahora del árbol, la zona inferior del muslo izquierdo está apoyada también sobre una rama gruesa, y el trasero está igualmente apoyado en otra rama gruesa oculta por el abrigo del soldado-.
Esta posición en la que aparece el soldado republicano en el árbol en el negativo 6 es excesivamente forzada y rígida, demasiado inclinada hacia atrás, con el riesgo de que las ramas sobre las que se apoya la espalda y zona superior de su brazo derecho se rompan, ya que aunque gruesas, son de bastante menor anchura que las que soportan el peso de su pie derecho, zona inferior del muslo izquierdo y trasero.
Evidentemente, la hipótesis de Pepe Pásame los Alicates queda totalmente descartada, ya que este hombre está con la mirada excesivamente hacia el cielo y si estuviera pidiendo una herramienta a su compañero de pie junto al árbol, miraría hacia abajo, al margen de que lo normal es que un soldado que sube a un árbol con intención de reparar un cable telefónico, lleve los alicates o la herramienta que fuere en un bolsillo, para tenerlo en todo momento a mano.
Pero además, la postura es muy rígida y agónica, repleta de stress, y el soldado tiene los ojos abiertos con evidente expresión de shock, y su mano izquierda aparece aferrada a una rama del árbol, al tiempo que su mano derecha ase un extremo de cable (el cual es visible con trayectoria descendente partiendo desde el borde superior izquierdo del fotograma, llega hasta la mano derecha del soldado - que sujeta un pequeño tramo del mismo- y continúa después en sentido descendente, combado por gravedad).
La expresión facial de este hombre no corresponde en absoluto a la de una persona que esté pidiendo unos alicantes o ninguna otra cosa.
Puede apreciarse además claramente en dos de los reencuadres selectivos que hemos realizado, que la mano derecha del soldado que ase este pequeño tramo de cable telefónico del cual estaba tirando, ha quedado prácticamente inerte o bien con sus últimas fuerzas de agarre tras recibir el disparo (o bien la descarga eléctrica, que no puede ser descartada al 100%) y apoyada en una rama del árbol -más gruesa de lo que pudiera pensarse en un principio viendo la fotografía completa-, con los dedos de la mano doblados hacia adentro y el cable telefónico sujeto todavía entre dos de ellos (anular y medio).
Ese es el motivo por el cual el cable telefónico aparece todavía tenso.
También se puede comprobar visualmente en estos dos reencuadres de la mano derecha agarrando el cable de teléfono - que aparece en color oscuro-, que la fuerza de agarre de este hombre ha disminuido notablemente y el cable que a buen seguro tenía sujeto inicialmente en la zona media de separación entre los dedos índice y medio hasta los nudillos con la mano cerrada y probablemente con varios dedos más contribuyendo al apriete por debajo) está ahora algo más allá del extremo superior de los nudillos de los dedos índice y medio, a punto de soltarse, en vez de hallarse en una posición más próxima a la juntura de ambos dedos, tal y como muy probablemente estaría antes del disparo, y que potencia mucho más el agarre.
Por otra parte, su boca está excesivamente abierta, al igual que sus ojos, con un claro gesto de dolor y shock inesperados.
Y por si todo ello fuera poco, en dos de los reencuadres que hemos realizado puede apreciarse con claridad que a consecuencia del impacto de la bala, que ha lanzado hacia atrás la mitad superior de su cuerpo, en especial la testa, su gorro ha quedado torcido y algo desencajado en su cabeza, con aproximadamente un 40% de la mitad de la zona superior de la misma (zona izquierda) sin cubrir, lo cual es muy extraño, ya que la temperatura a las afueras de Teruel en esos momentos era de aproximadamente -10º C, por lo que si el soldado estuviera vivo, el gorro aparecería firmemente apretado en su cabeza para protegerle del gélido frío en lo alto del árbol durante los minutos que tardara en reparar los cables.
Así pues, por todo lo anteriormente mencionado, esta imagen, a diferencia de las dos anteriores (negativos 4 y 5) no corresponde en absoluto a la de un hombre vivo que está trabajando, sino a la de un hombre que ha muerto de modo inesperado por impacto de una bala calibre 7 x 57 mm Mauser de alta velocidad (730 metros/segundo) disparada por un soldado franquista desde media o larga distancia mientras tiraba del cable telefónico.
Es muy difícil saber con certeza si la fotografía está hecha justo después de que el soldado republicano en el árbol recibe el disparo o bien segundos o incluso minutos después.
Pero teniendo en cuenta la manera de trabajar de Capa, su gran velocidad de movimientos y precisión en el timing, y el hecho de que conocemos el negativo número 7 expuesto en un lugar totalmente distinto de las afueras de Teruel, existe una posibilidad mucho más alta de que Capa sacara la foto justo después de escuchar el disparo y oir el grito del soldado republicano al recibir el tiro, poniéndose a continuación rápidamente a cubierto para evitar mayores riesgos, al igual que harían tanto el otro soldado republicano de pie junto a la bobina de hilo telefónico, como el resto de soldados y quizá algún oficial que que a buen seguro estaban en ese punto, a algunos metros de distancia y que no aparecen en las tres fotos que hace Capa en este lugar.
Por otra parte, si Capa sacó la foto con su habitual gran rapidez justo tras oír el disparo y el grito del soldado en el árbol al ser impactado por la bala - que es lo más probable-, existe una posibilidad muy alta de que el hombre que aparece en la imagen acaba de recibir el tiro, y mortalmente herido, con sus postreras energías, se aferra instintivamente al cable telefónico con su mano derecha - que no puede impedir que caiga sobre la rama y se apoye en ella al perder fuerza de agarre-, lo cual mantiene su tensión, mientras con la mano izquierda se agarra a otra rama, preservando un muy forzado equilibrio, viable porque su pierna derecha, zona inferior del muslo izquierdo y trasero están apoyados en ramas gruesas del árbol.
NUEVAS EVIDENCIAS CONFIRMAN LA VERACIDAD DEL PIE DE FOTO DE LA AGENCIA MAGNUM
Una vez más, las 205 soberbias ampliaciones maestras en tamaño 38´8 x 48´8 cm realizadas por Teresa Engle Moreno sobre papel baritado a partir de copy negatives de los contactos de 35 mm de fotografías hechas por Robert Capa durante la Guerra Civil Española y donadas al Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía de Madrid en 1999 por Cornell Capa, han sido muy importantes para analizar en profundidad la imagen del soldado republicano en el árbol, que fue una de las seleccionadas por el ICP de Nueva York en dicho año para tal colección.
Han pasado ya más de doce años desde que Richard Whelan, con diferencia el más grande experto en Capa de todos los tiempos, pronunció su mítica conferencia en el Museo de Arte Reina Sofía aquel inolvidable 25 de Mayo de 1999 en el CARS, donde mostró su profundísimo conocimiento sobre dicho fotógrafo, en un acto en el que estuvo también presente Irme Schaber, máxima experta mundial en Gerda Taro.
Fue Cornell Capa en persona quien encargó a Teresa Engle Moreno la realización de las mencionadas copias en tamaño grande.
Una de ellas fue la del soldado republicano subido a un árbol y muerto de un balazo por un soldado franquista en funciones de francotirador que le disparó mientras reparaba los cables de un tendido telefónico.
Photo: Robert Capa. © ICP New York
La calidad y nivel de detalle en esta copia - al igual que con las otras 201- es tan grande, incluyendo las zonas high key y low key más difíciles de reproducir, que hemos podido realizar ampliaciones de zonas concretas de la imagen que permiten prácticamente asegurar que el soldado republicano que aparece en el árbol (negativo número 6 del carrete 111 de La Maleta Mexicana) está muerto o bien mortalmente herido muy pocos segundos antes de fallecer.
Resulta verdaderamente fascinante que pese a que Capa hizo la fotografía entre el 21 y el 24 de Diciembre de 1938 - es decir, hace nada menos que 74 años- con película Agfa pancromática de nitrato de sensibilidad aproximada Weston 40 (en torno a ISO 32) y grano bastante visible, la muy buena acutancia de dicha emulsión de blanco y negro del carrete 111 (potenciada al máximo al ser realizado el revelado con Agfa Rodinal en dilución 1+50 a 24º C durante 8 minutos en tanque Leitz Correx Cordo por el experto en la Maleta Mexicana Csiki Weisz, que conocía bien tanto la excelente nitidez de contornos y gran nivel de discernibilidad de detalles como el gran control del contraste que aporta este líquido concentrado al negativo final obtenido) y la pericia de la printista de talla mundial Teresa Engle Moreno (positivadora de muchas fotografías de Capa así como de las Life Pictures Collections, master printer y profesora del ICP New York durante 16 años y que durante años ha impartido clases en los Rencontres Photographiques d´Arles) que realizó la ampliación de la foto del soldado republicano en el árbol a partir de un copy negative realizado sobre el contacto de 35 mm de dicha imagen hecho por Csiki Weisz en París el 25 ó 26 de Diciembre de 1937 con ampliadora Leitz Focomat 1 VIWOO Model 1934 utilizando el negativo original Agfa 24 x 36 mm - y que forma parte de la colección de más de 70.000 contactos de Capa que albergan los archivos del ICP- permiten apreciar un notable nivel de detalle en los reencuadres selectivos de zonas pequeñas de la imagen captada a las afueras de Teruel.
EL NEGATIVO NÚMERO 7: OTRA PRUEBA PRÁCTICAMENTE DEFINITIVA
También gracias al ICP de Nueva York y su excelente libro catálogo de dos tomos La Maleta Mexicana, editado por ICP/Steidl y fruto del gran e histórico trabajo realizado durante tres años por Cynthia Young (Assistant Curator del ICP New York), Kristen Lubben (Associate Curator del ICP New York) y Brian Wallis (Chief Curator del ICP New York) clasificando y ordenando todo el contenido de las tres cajas - además de realizar muchas otras cosas que han sido decisivas-, conocemos desde hace un año no sólo los dos fotogramas previos 4 y 5, sino también los negativos de las fotografías que Capa hizo después de la del soldado republicano muerto en el árbol mientras reparaba unos cables de teléfono y que corresponden al mismo carrete Agfa panchromatic formato 35 mm de 36 exposiciones.
Photo: Robert Capa. © Cornell Capa Estate / ICP / Magnum
El negativo número 7 fue expuesto en otra zona de las afueras de Teruel, y en él aparecen personas distintas (cinco soldados republicanos - dos de los cuales llevan en su mano derecha Mosquetones Mauser 1916 calibre 7 x 57 mm- y un hombre con indumentaria color oscuro, gruesa bufanda negra y boina negra, que podría ser un oficial) que avanzan por un camino algo en pendiente, mientras al fondo se distinguen varios soldados y oficiales republicanos más, dos de ellos charlando.
Este contacto número 7 es enormemente importante, ya que demuestra sin ningún género de dudas que el negativo número 6 (la imagen en la que se ve al soldado republicano subido al árbol, sin que aparezca su compañero en el fotograma, y en una postura muy forzada y repleta de stress, muy inclinado hacia atrás con peligro de que las ramas en las que se apoya su espalda se rompan, y con los ojos y su mueca facial mostrando abundante shock) es la última fotografía que Capa toma en ese punto.
Y el que no haga más fotos en este lugar es muy extraño, sobre todo si tenemos en cuenta la manera de fotografiar de Capa y su trayectoria profesional.
Evidentemente, si el soldado republicano muerto en el árbol del negativo 6 estuviera pidiendo a su compañero una herramienta (alicates o lo que fuere), sin ninguna duda Capa habría hecho la foto del momento en que el segundo soldado que está de pie junto al árbol le entrega dicha hipotética herramienta, ya que Bob siempre estaba muy pendiente de captar los momentos representativos, una constante en su cobertura de la Guerra Civil Española desde que llegó a España el 5 de Agosto de 1936.
De hecho, Capa realizó grandes esfuerzos por plasmar dichos instantes entre Agosto de 1936 y finales de Mayo de 1937, ya que durante dicho período utilizó una Leica III (Model F) 1933-1939 con objetivo Summar 5 cm f/2 y una Leica II (Model D) con objetivo Elmar 5 cm f/3.5- esta última propiedad de Csiki Weisz, que se la presta a Capa y Gerda Taro a partir de mediados de Noviembre de 1936-, cámaras que tenían ventanas distintas para el telémetro y el visor, por lo que el fotógrafo tenía que enfocar primero y encuadrar después.
Capa hizo muchas fotos representativas en distintos frentes de la Guerra Civil Española durante sus diez primeros meses de estancia en España, pese a que la cámara que llevaba , por las mencionadas razones, aún siendo muchísimo más rápida que las cámaras de gran formato y formato medio mayoritarias en la época, por las razones anteriormente mencionadas, en comparación con las dos mejores cámara de Zeiss Ikon en aquellos momentos - los modelos Contax II y Contax III- ralentizaba su producción y estilo de fotografiar, basado en la máxima rapidez posible, los movimientos muy veloces gracias a su muy buena condición atlética y una gran precisión en el timing al apretar el botón liberador del obturador para captar los momentos importantes.
Pero a principios de Mayo de 1937, tuvo lugar una reunión en el despacho de Henry Luce, propietario y editor de Life Magazine y de Time Inc. en la planta 31 de la Calle 48th de Nueva York, entre éste, Wilson Hicks (Executive Editor), Daniel Longwell (Executive Editor), John Shaw Billings (Managing Editor) y Edward K. Thompson (mano derecha de Wilson Hicks desde 1937 y el mejor editor de fotografías de todos, hasta tal punto que en algunas ocasiones en que había presión de tiempo fue capaz de elegir las mejores imágenes de algunos carretes de 35 mm de Alfred Eisenstaedt en el cuarto oscuro mirando los negativos todavía húmedos con fijador tiosulfato de sodio), en la que acordaron dar el máximo apoyo posible a Robert Capa a través de Richard de Rochemont, Director de Time Life Inc. en Europa, cuya oficina principal estaba en París, ya que la revista Life estaba muy interesada en que Capa les enviara fotos lo más significativas posibles de la Guerra Civil Española.
En dicha reunión se acordó también que Richard de Rochemont - que era además director de la serie cinematográfica The March of Time Europe- entregaría a Capa una cámara de cine Eyemo de 35 mm y le financiaría una nueva cámara fotográfica telemétrica Contax II (elegida en lugar del modelo Contax III por ser más pequeña y manejable, y por el hecho de que Bob no necesitaba exposímetro incorporado, ya que calculaba la velocidad de obturación y el diafragma por estimación y conforme a su experiencia) con objetivo Carl Zeiss Jena Sonnar 5 cm f/2 con objeto de que aumentara todo lo posible su velocidad de trabajo y producción fotográfica.
Y así ocurrió en la reunión que mantuvieron Robert Capa y Richard de Rochemont en París entre el 20 y el 25 de Mayo de 1937, a partir de la cual Capa dejó de usar su Leica III (Model F) 1933-1939, cambiando a una Contax II con objetivo Carl Zeiss Jena 5 cm f/2 no revestido, con la que hizo muchas fotos representativas a partir de ese momento, trabajando con mucha mayor comodidad, ya que además de no tener que enfocar y reencuadrar por separado, los 90 cm de longitud de base del telémetro de la Contax II con magnificación de 0.75 x aportaban una velocidad y precisión de enfoque mucho mayor, era un telémetro mucho menos propenso a descentramientos y por otra parte, la carga y descarga de película en la Contax II era mucho más fácil que en la Leica III, gracias a su respaldo extraible.
Tan importante relación entre Capa y Life se vió todavía más reforzada durante la reunión que mantuvieron en Octubre de 1937 en la oficina principal de Life y Time Inc. del edificio Chrysler de Nueva York Robert Capa -que estuvo alojado en el hotel Bedford de la 40th West Street-, Henry Luce, Wilson Hicks, Daniel Longwell, John Shaw Billings y el genio Ed Thompson, donde Bob firmó su contrato con Life magazine, el más importante de su vida.
Si tenemos todo ello en cuenta, resulta muy pero que muy extraño que si el soldado republicano del negativo número 6 está vivo y pidiendo unos alicates o la herramienta que fuere a su compañero, bien en ese momento o instantes después, Capa no sacara la fotografía de justo el momento en que se la entrega, ya que tiene una cámara mucho más apta para hacerlo rápidamente que la Leica III que utilizó entre Agosto de 1936 y principios de Mayo de 1937 y con la que siempre estuvo muy atento para captar ese tipo de momentos representativos.
Capa hubiera intentado hacer la foto del instante en que el soldado de pie junto al árbol entrega los alicates o cualquier otra herramienta al soldado que está subido el árbol con cualquier cámara que hubiera tenido a mano, aunque hubiera sido una Kodak Brownie.
Pero la realidad es que tal instante no se produjo. No hubo entrega de alicates ni herramienta alguna al soldado republicano que aparece en el árbol en el negativo 6, y que está claramente muerto o bien mortalmente herido y con sus últimas energías antes de fallecer.
El negativo número 7 demuestra con rotundidad, sin margen para la duda, que el fotograma número 6 es la última foto que Capa hace en ese lugar y que el soldado que aparece subido en el árbol no está pidiendo nada a su compañero (como claramente verifican los reencuadres que hemos realizado), sino que está muerto o bien mortalmente herido muy pocos segundos antes de fallecer a consecuencia de un disparo probablemente calibre 7 x 57 mm Mauser (el mayormente usado en el bando franquista y desde un punto de vista militar con excelentes cualidades balísticas, hasta tal punto que durante la Guerra Civil Española se hizo tristemente célebre, al igual que su sonido "pac" de impacto, por por su alcance letal hasta los 2000 metros y por ser capaz de matar con precisión hasta distancias de 1000 y 1200 metros) hecho por un soldado franquista desde larga distancia apoyando el fusil Mauser Modelo 1893 de cañón largo o Mosquetón Mauser 1916 sobre una base firme.
IMPOSIBILIDAD DE QUE CAPA NO HAGA MÁS FOTOS EN EL LUGAR DONDE EXPONE LOS NEGATIVOS 4, 5 Y 6 PORQUE TIENE POCA PELÍCULA Y DESEA DOSIFICARLA
Es cierto que durante la segunda mitad de los años treinta la película fotográfica era escasa y cara, sobre todo la de 35 mm, que por entonces era todavía considerado el "formato pequeño".
Tanto Capa como Gerda Taro tuvieron en algunos momentos problemas de suministro de película, entre Agosto de 1936 y Julio de 1937.
Pero en Diciembre de 1937, ésto prácticamente no afectaba a Capa, fotógrafo ya muy reconocido, que trabajaba entre otros medios para la revista Life (la más importante del mundo en ese momento y con un enorme poder económico e influencia), Regards (por entonces una de las publicaciones fotoperiodísticas más señeras de Europa), The Illustrated London News (uno de los más influyentes periódicos británicos), Ce Soir, Schweizer Illustrierte Zeitung (revista ilustrada suiza de gran calidad, muy similar en su concepción al Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung), Weekly Illustrated, etc, y estaba muy bien surtido de película por cuatro vías principales:
a) Richard de Rochemont, a quien Henry Luce en persona había ordenado a mediados de Diciembre de 1937 que enviara abundante película de 35 mm desde París a Valencia por avión a Robert Capa, porque Life (que había iniciado su relación con Bob publicando a finales de Diciembre de 1936 algunas de las fotos que éste había hecho en Madrid durante las dos últimas semanas de noviembre y primera semana de diciembre de dicho año) quería poner toda la carne en el asador, sin límite presupuestario alguno, en la cobertura fotográfica de la Batalla de Teruel.
Rochemont ( que disponía de una cuenta abierta en París por Henry Luce para que sufragara todos los gastos que pudieran surgir) estaba en contacto permanente con las fábricas Agfa Gevaert de Mortsel y Amberes en Bélgica a través de Hendrik Kuijpers (Director Técnico) y R.G.Tritsmans (Ingeniero Jefe), así como con la gran fábrica alemana del consorcio I.G Farben de Wolfen y también con varios distribuidores de película Agfa en la capital francesa.
Y siguiendo las órdenes de Luce, envió a Capa a Valencia por avión durante la tercera semana de Diciembre de 1937 una importante cantidad de carretes de película 35 mm Agfa Gevaert belga, Agfa alemana y Kodak SS Panchro de nitrato (anteriormente, cuando era menos famoso, el fotoperiodista había utilizado película de cine Eastman Kodak pancromática de nitrato de 35 mm sin numeración de fotogramas introducida en chasis de distinta longitud, lo cual salía más barato), conocedor de que Capa empezaría a hacer fotos en Teruel el 21 de Diciembre de 1937, como así ocurrió (Bob siguió yendo diariamente a Teruel saliendo desde Valencia, durante cuatro días seguidos -21, 22, 23 y 24 de Diciembre de 1937- , marchando a Barcelona durante la tarde noche del día 24 de dicho mes, para pasar la Nochebuena en la Ciudad Condal, donde permaneció hasta el 2 de Enero de 1938, fecha en que regresó a Teruel, abandonando para siempre esta ciudad durante la noche del 3 de Enero de 1938 en que viajó a París - dos semanas y media después, el 21 de Enero de 1938, zarpó de Marsella junto con John Fernhout a bordo del barco Aramis con rumbo a China, donde llegó el 16 de Febrero, permaneciendo en dicho país hasta el 22 de Septiembre de 1938-).
Y cuando Capa volvía a Valencia con sus carretes expuestos, el avión llevaba dichos carretes de 35 mm a París, donde Csiki Weisz los revelaba, en una operación financiada por Henry Luce de su propio bolsillo y que se llevó a cabo con el máximo sigilo.
Capa venía utilizando este sistema sobre todo desde el 12 de Mayo de 1937, cuando llevó a bordo de un coche Packard 120 con motor de 8 cilindros sus carretes de 35 mm que había expuesto durante la Batalla de Monte Sollube al aeródromo de Lamiako, situado a las afueras de Bilbao, donde le esperaba un avión cuyo piloto viajó hasta Biarritz y desde allí los envió por correo urgente hasta París, donde fueron recogidos por Csiki Weisz, que los reveló, hizo los contactos y envió las mejores fotos a Ce Soir, que publicó un extenso reportaje.
b) La revista francesa Regards, que llevaba ya muchos meses comprando fotos a Capa. Los editores de Regards estaban muy contentos con los reportajes que habían publicado con fotos realizadas por Bob en distintos frentes, que les habían hecho subir notablemente las ventas de la publicación (sobre todo a raíz del gran reportaje publicado en el número del 10 de Diciembre de 1936 titulado La Capitale Crucifiee, con excelente maquetación elaborada por el artista Édouard Pignon, director de arte de la revista), y también le enviaban película con cierta frecuencia.
No en vano, Regards había sido la publicación que envió a Capa a Madrid como fotoperiodista en dos viajes distintos en solitario: uno entre el 18 de Noviembre y el 5 de Diciembre de 1936 y otro en Enero, en el que sólo estuvo un par de días en la ciudad.
c) León Daniel, director de la agencia fotográfica Pix en Nueva York, que había contratado a Capa durante el viaje de éste a Nueva York en Octubre de 1937.
Bob no estaba satisfecho con los resultados de la agencia Black Star que anteriormente le había representado en Estados Unidos, por lo que decidió trabajar para León Daniel, que además era hermano de su amigo Henri Daniel, que había sido uno de sus primeros agentes en París desde 1935.
Por otra parte, Capa consiguió convencer a León Daniel para que contratara también a su hermano Cornell como ayudante de cuarto oscuro de la agencia - Cornell ya tenía experiencia en tal faceta, ya que durante la segunda mitad de Junio y Julio de 1936 había trabajado en París como aprendiz del fotógrafo húngaro Emeric Fehér, y a la vez hacía copias en papel de fotos de Bandi en el cuarto de baño de una habitación que alquiló en el Hôtel de Blois y que había sido convertida en cuarto oscuro-.
Además, Capa también consiguió que León Daniel diera trabajo a su amigo Ladislaus Glück -que había sido director financiero y asistente creativo de Simon Guttman a principios de los años treinta y había ayudado a Bob en 1931 durante su etapa en Dephot Berlín- como redactor de pies de fotos.
d) Csiki Weisz, gran amigo de Capa desde la infancia en Budapest y su hombre de laboratorio en París. Weisz vivía y pasaba muchísimas horas diarias metido en el cuarto oscuro del Capa Attelier en 37, rue Frodivaux, París - donde Bob se había trasladado a principios de 1937- , revelando sus rollos de película de 35 mm, y a diferencia de 1934, 1935 y 1936 en que ambos pasaron por frequentes problemas económicos, sus ingresos habían aumentado notablemente desde Febrero de 1937, Capa vendía fotos a muchas revistas importantes diferentes y ya había contratado a Csiki Weisz con un sueldo fijo, abonándole mensualmente un porcentaje de las ganancias.
Weisz era un hombre muy metódico y disciplinado, con gran destreza manual y revelador y positivador de enorme nivel, que conocía en profundidad tanto las propiedades de las emulsiones con las que trabajaba como el estilo de fotografiar de Capa, al que admiraba en gran manera. Una vez que las películas expuestas por Capa llegaban a París, él las revelaba y hacía los contactos y copias necesarias, encargándose también frecuentemente de enviar las copias de las fotografías más representativas a los medios más importantes y que mejor pagaran.
Csiki Weisz enviaba también por correo certificado urgente toda la película de 35 mm que buenamente podía - comprada en París- a Capa, allí donde estuviese.
NO ES CIERTO QUE NO HUBIERA TROPAS FRANQUISTAS EN LA ZONA EN ESOS MOMENTOS
También según la Hipótesis de Pepe Pásame los Alicates, es imposible que el soldado republicano subido en el árbol recibiera un disparo de un francotirador enemigo, ya que en esos momentos no había tropas franquistas en la zona, lo cual es totalmente incierto.
Evidentemente, entre el 21 y el 24 de Diciembre de 1937, cuando Capa hace la foto, las tropas republicanas dominan la situación, tanto en el casco urbano de Teruel (donde únicamente resisten los aproximadamente 4.000 hombres de la guarnición del coronel Rey d´Harcourt - 52ª División franquista - en distintos reductos, sobre todo en el Palacio de la Gobernación y en el Seminario) como en los aledaños de la ciudad.
La ofensiva planeada por el general Vicente Rojo y Hernández Saravia -conocedores de que Franco tenía concentradas en forma escalonada un total de doce divisiones desde el Valle del Jalón hasta Medinaceli, así como en la provincia de Guadalajara desde principios de Diciembre de 1937 para intentar lanzar el ataque definitivo sobre Madrid- logra el necesario factor sorpresa total y tiene éxito debido a la enorme superioridad numérica (60.000 atacantes frente a aproximadamente 4.000 defensores franquistas), la necesidad apremiante de ofrecer una victoria a la opinión pública internacional y a la incursión de un ya muy experimentado Enrique Líster, que - al igual que había ocurrido en Brunete cinco meses y medio antes- es quien rompe el frente el 15 de Diciembre de 1937 con su 11ª División hasta conquistar el pueblo de Concud -6 km al noroeste de Teruel capital- y sus lomas circundantes.
Al mismo tiempo, el XVIII Cuerpo de Ejército Republicano (Divisiones 34 y 64) al mando del Coronel Fernández-Heredia avanza por el sur en dirección a la ciudad, poniendo en fuga a los defensores franquistas de Puerto Escandón (unos 16 km al sureste de Teruel), que se ven obligados a huir hasta Teruel capital, de tal manera que el 17 de Diciembre de 1937, ambas unidades contactan entre sí y completan la maniobra de tenaza sobre Teruel, que queda totalmente rodeada por abundantes tropas republicanas provistas de 400 cañones y 100 tanques T-26 y BT-5, así como unos 120 aviones como apoyo aéreo.
Por su parte, el centro del ataque republicano es llevado a cabo por el XX Cuerpo de Ejército al mando del teniente coronel Leopoldo Menéndez, mientras que el ala derecha de la ofensiva republicana lo forma una columna de 16.000 hombres y 15.000 en reserva al mando del coronel Juan Ibarrola.
Líster y Fernández-Heredia deciden atacar rápidamente La Muela de Teruel, una colina situada al oeste de la ciudad y de enorme importancia estratégica, ya que desde ella se domina la villa con artillería, lo cual se consigue rápidamente, siendo finalmente capturada el 18 de Diciembre por la División 34 republicana.
Miles y miles de soldados republicanos continúan llegando a las inmediaciones de Teruel, y el porcentaje de soldados franquistas ubicados en sus afueras está teniendo muchas bajas y se halla a punto de sucumbir, por lo que el coronel Rey D´Harcourt decide retirar a sus hombres al interior de la ciudad y plantear una batalla casa por casa, tratando de ralentizar todo lo posible la victoria republicana y dar tiempo a que lleguen refuerzos franquistas, de tal modo que al día siguiente, las fuerzas republicanas atacan en las zonas del campo de fútbol - conquistado por la 34 División- y el cementerio, ya prácticamente tocando el casco urbano de Teruel.
A partir del 19 de diciembre de 1937 llegan a la zona de las afueras de Teruel tropas franquistas del general Aranda (divisiones 81 y 84), pero su número no es suficiente para poder romper el cerco, por lo que se dedican a observar las posiciones enemigas a las afueras de Teruel (para buscar puntos de ruptura por donde atacar a medio plazo y tratar de romper el cerco cuando lleguen más refuerzos) y a dificultar todo lo posible las comunicaciones telegráficas y telefónicas de los sitiadores con el exterior, ya que para Franco es muy importante tratar de evitar por todos los medios la comunicación en tiempo real de los mandos republicanos que tienen sitiado Teruel con las ciudades de Madrid, Valencia y Barcelona.
Entre el 19 y la madrugada del 20 de Diciembre, el XX Cuerpo de Ejército republicano conquista las posiciones franquistas de Puerto Escandón y Castralvo.
El Campesino - una vez despejado el camino por la 11 División de Líster, el XVIII Cuerpo de Ejército del coronel Fernández-Heredia y la 35 División Internacional del General Walter- percute por la zona central, tratando de llegar a la Plaza del Torico cuanto antes, lo cual no consigue debido a la enconada resistencia numantina ordenada por Franco a Rey D´Harcourt.
Pero el 22 de Diciembre, las tropas republicanas consiguen abrirse paso hasta la Plaza del Torico, que es capturada previo uso masivo de artillería y ataques con carros T-26 y BT-5.
A partir de ese momento, la lucha se hace todavía más enconada y los contingentes de tropas franquistas del coronel Rey D´Harcout se retiran al sur de la ciudad con intención de seguir retrasando todo lo posible el avance de las tropas republicanas, parapetados en el Hotel Aragón, el Gobierno Civil, el Seminario, el Banco de España y el Convento de Santa Clara, en espera de refuerzos franquistas.
Teruel se convierte en un Stalingrado en pequeña escala, se combate casa por casa y las tropas republicanas se ven obligadas a utilizar constantemente la artillería para poder desalojar a los defensores franquistas, cañoneando edificio por edificio.
Las bajas por ambos bandos son muy elevadas.
Capa llega a Teruel el 21 de Diciembre de 1937 a primera hora de la mañana. Hace muchas fotos de soldados y oficiales republicanos en medio de un brutal frío de más de 10 grados bajo cero y vuelve a Valencia por la tarde, con sus primeros carretes expuestos de la Batalla de Teruel.
Al día siguiente, Capa contacta en Valencia con Ernest Hemingway, el periodista norteamericano Herbert Matthews (reportero del New York Times y amigo personal de Robert Capa) y el periodista británico Dennis Sefton Delmer (jefe de la oficina parisina del Daily Express). Los tres están también haciendo el viaje diario de ida y vuelta a Teruel en el coche de Mathhews.
A partir de ese momento, los días 22, 23 y 24 de Diciembre de 1937, Capa hace a diario la ruta Valencia-Teruel / Teruel-Valencia, realizando muchas más fotos por la mañana en Teruel y volviendo durante la tarde-noche a la capital del Turia con los carretes expuestos.
El 24 de Diciembre de 1937 por la tarde, Capa entrega el paquete con todos los carretes de 35 mm que ha expuesto en Teruel los días 21, 22, 23 y 24 por la mañana al piloto del avión que desde París ha llegado a Valencia fletado por Richard de Rochemont - cumpliendo órdenes de Henry Luce (que es quien en realidad financia todo de su propio bolsillo)- para una vez recepcionados, llevarlos de vuelta a la capital francesa y entregarlos a Csiki Weisz para su revelado y contactos.
A continuación, Capa viaja en coche a Barcelona con Ernest Hemingway, Herbert Matthews y Dennis Sefton Delmer, para pasar la Nochebuena en la Ciudad Condal.
Justo al día siguiente de la llegada de Capa a Barcelona, Vicente Rojo (Jefe del Estado Mayor Republicano) viaja desde Teruel a Barcelona y poco después, regresa a Madrid, noticia que llega a los altos mandos franquistas, que intentan romper el cerco el día 29 de Diciembre, mediante una ofensiva de Varela y Aranda, durante la cual García Valiño y Muñoz Grandes (otros dos comandantes franquistas con gran experiencia previa en combate en el Ejército de Africa), pese a no contar con efectivos abundantes, conquistan La Muela y desde allí tienen Teruel a tiro de su artillería, pero un contraataque nocturno de la 70 División republicana al mando de Toral les obliga a retroceder, recuperando García Valiño la posición al día siguiente.
Ls bajas siguen siendo muy elevadas por ambos bandos. Las fuerzas republicanas dominan mayormente la situación, pero existe la posibilidad de que las tropas franquistas intenten de nuevo concetrar ataques en puntos específicos para romper el cerco, por lo que Vicente Rojo decide volver a Teruel el 31 de Diciembre de 1938.
Capa y los tres periodistas siguen en Barcelona, donde han pasado la Nochebuena y la Nochevieja. Han sido testigos en Teruel entre el 21 y el 24 de Diciembre de 1937 del éxito del ataque republicano y de la victoria que estaba a punto de producirse, con la total conquista de Teruel, ya que sólo quedaban los últimos reductos franquistas por capturar.
De repente, el 1 de Enero de 1938, estando todavía en Barcelona, Capa, Hemingway, Matthews y Sefton Delmer son informados de que se ha producido una gran confusión con respecto a lo que está ocurriendo en Teruel, ya que las emisoras de radio y periódicos franquistas están informando de que las tropas de Franco han reconquistado la ciudad de Teruel.
Los cuatro se quedan estupefactos. Eso es imposible, ya que sólo siete días antes, cuando estuvieron por última vez en Teruel, prácticamente toda la ciudad estaba ya en manos republicanas y se estaba ya a punto de capturar los últimos edificios con efectivos del coronel Rey d´Harcourt dentro.
La tensión crece por momentos. Saben que no puede ser, pero en esos instantes, todo el mundo en Barcelona, Madrid y Valencia tiene dudas. Es imposible saber qué es en realidad lo que está sucediendo.
La realidad es que Franco ha decidido tratar de romper el cerco, pero en absoluto ha reconquistado la ciudad de Teruel (no podrá capturarla hasta el 22 de Febrero de 1938).
Los generales franquistas Varela y Aranda han intentado romper el cerco los días 29 y 30 de Diciembre, encontrando una fortísima resistencia republicana, y el 31 consiguen llegar a La Muela a costa de grandes bajas.
El general Varela está en contacto permanente con el coronel Yagüe. Saben que necesitan más días para poder enviar refuerzos a la zona, sobre todo la temida 13ª División de Barrón y la 5ª División franquistas, lo cual no es posible a corto plazo, debido a la gran superioridad numérica republicana en la zona y a las bajísimas temperaturas y espesa nieve por doquier, que dificulta el transporte de tropas y pertrechos.
El 31 de Diciembre, tropas franquistas han intentado obtener un punto de ruptura aproximándose a las primeras casas de Teruel e infiltrándose hasta la estación de ferrocarril de la ciudad.
La temperatura es ya extremadamente baja, con una sensación térmica de -26º C.
Durante la noche del 31 de Diciembre, se produce un momento de impasse en el que ha tenido lugar la desbandada de algunas unidades republicanas - que creyeron que les atacaban refuerzos en masa del Ejército de Africa- .
Estas tropas franquistas de Varela y Aranda todavía escasas en la zona, han tenido oportunidad incluso de lograr un punto de ruptura y tratar de liberar el Seminario - defendido tenazmente por el coronel Barba-, pero el general Varela convence a Franco para que ordene que estas tropas vuelvan a sus puntos de partida, porque para el día siguiente se espera una fortísima nevada y una bajada de las temperaturas hasta aproximadamente -18º C y no tienen suficiente cantidad de hombres para enfrentarse a la notable superioridad republicana en la zona, sin tabors de regulares y legionarios que puedan llevar a cabo maniobras envolventes.
La anticipación de Varela, que está en permanente comunicación con Franco, ha permitido librar a dichas fuerzas franquistas infiltradas de una muerte segura, ya que el 1 de Enero de 1938, Vicente Rojo, notable estratega, una vez enterado de la incursión de tropas enemigas, lee perfectamente la situación, reorganiza ad hoc las tropas republicanas en Teruel y lanza un masivo contraataque que pone en fuga a las unidades franquistas que estaban más en vanguardia, obligándoles a retirarse a su zona inicial de partida de La Muela, donde se atrincheran.
También el 1 de Enero, ha caído el Convento de Santa Clara, donde los defensores franquistas han muerto en sus puestos hasta el último hombre y Vicente Rojo ordena tomar por asalto cuanto antes la Comandancia Militar y todo su perímetro defensivo, para lo cual necesitará dos días más.
Franco es informado por Varela de que los últimos reductos defensivos del coronel Rey D´Harcourt en Teruel están a punto de caer en manos republicanas ( lo cual ocurrirá el 8 de Enero) , y no tienen fuerzas suficientes para lanzar un ataque con garantías de éxito frente a las muchas divisiones republicanas presentes en la zona sin la colaboración de unidades del Ejército de Africa, en especial la División 13ª de Fernando Barrón - que se halla en esos momentos en la zona de Salinas de Medinaceli (Soria) - y hasta el 17 de Enero de 1938 Franco no podrá iniciar su ofensiva del Alfambra, al norte de Teruel, hasta reconquistar la ciudad a finales de Febrero.
Los altos mandos franquistas necesitan ganar tiempo, por lo que - algo común en ambos bandos durante la Guerra Civil Española - han optado por difundir el bulo radiofónico y gráfico de anunciar algo que evidentemente no es cierto: la reconquista de Teruel por las tropas franquistas el 1 de Enero de 1938.
Pero el bulo surte efecto. Además, las comunicaciones por teléfono y telégrafo entre Teruel y el resto de las ciudades importantes españolas han sido cortadas por pequeños contingentes de tropas franquistas que se infiltran por doquier e impiden cualquier intento de tendido de cables.
La realidad es que las tropas republicanas están a punto de conquistar el 100% de Teruel (lo cual tendrá lugar el 8 de Enero de 1937, con la rendición de los últimos defensores y el coronel Barba en el Seminario, tras la capitulación del coronel Domingo Rey D´Harcourt un día antes en la Comandancia).
Pero la ciudad está prácticamente incomunicada en tiempo real, con las líneas telefónicas y telegráficas en gran medida saboteadas a las afueras.
La falsa noticia de la reconquista de Teruel por las tropas de Franco el 1 de Enero de 1938 llega ese mismo día al mismísimo Henry Luce, que necesita publicar el reportaje con las fotos de Capa cuanto antes y mostrar una victoria republicana en Teruel.
El jefe de de la revista Life y Time Inc. se comunica con Richard de Rochemont, y le ordena que contacte con Capa en Barcelona con la máxima urgencia y le envíe otra vez a Teruel para sacar nuevas fotos y dar fé de lo que está ocurriendo realmente.
Capa recibe el aviso en Barcelona, así como más carretes de 35 mm que le envía Richard de Rochemont. Life ha invertido mucho tiempo, esfuerzo y dinero para conseguir el reportaje de Capa como sea, por lo que necesitan corroborar in situ lo que está ocurriendo verdaderamente en Teruel.
Richard Whelan informa también en su biografía de Capa que el día 2 de Enero de 1938, las comunicaciones por teléfono y telégrafo con Teruel seguían cortadas, por lo que la mañana de dicho día, Capa y Matthews salieron en el coche de este último desde Barcelona hacia Teruel, y al llegar a un puerto situado a 30 km de la ciudad, se encontraron un enorme atasco de vehículos militares republicanos, ya que a partir de ese punto la carretera estaba cubierta por una capa de nieve de medio metro, por lo que tardaron ocho horas en cruzar el puerto, hasta que llegaron al Puerto del Ragudo, consiguiendo bajar después hasta la zona de Barracas donde pudieron cenar en compañía de unos soldados republicanos.
Al día siguiente, 3 de Enero de 1938, Capa y Matthews descubrieron que los franquistas habían avanzado bastante y que llevaban varios días atacando la ciudad con su artillería y sus aviones, pero que la mayor parte de Teruel estaba todavía en manos republicanas.
Capa hizo muchas fotos nuevas durante la mañana y sobremesa de este día, siendo testigo de algunos de los momentos más duros de la batalla, sobre todo el ataque frontal con granadas y bayoneta calada de los soldados republicanos sobre el edificio calcinado del Palacio del Gobernador Civil, en cuyas ruinas resistían los últimos defensores franquistas, tras ser volada la fachada.
Capa regresó con Herbert Matthews a Barcelona durante la noche de ese mismo día, y allí tomó un avión que le llevó a París, donde entregó a Csiki Weisz en el número 37 de rue Froidevaux del distrito XIV de París todos los carretes que había expuesto el 3 de Enero.
Nota 1.- Algunas personas han argumentado que " el soldado republicano que aparece subido en el árbol en el negativo número 6 no puede haber recibido un disparo, porque en ese caso, "al tener un apoyo tan débil", habría caído al suelo a consecuencia del impacto de la bala, y por tanto el soldado que aparece en la imagen está vivo", lo cual no es cierto.
Además de los distintos factores y evidencias mencionados anteriormente, es importante saber que desde un punto de vista balístico, el calibre 7 x 57 mm no destaca por un tremendo poder de pegada, sino por su gran precisión, alcance y enorme poder de penetración, manteniendo una trayectoria muy tensa y una muy alta velocidad para la época de 730 m / seg, por lo que en manos de un tirador experto ( y todas las divisiones franquistas contaban con ellos, tanto las unidades peninsulares como especialmente las pertenecientes al Ejército de Africa, sobre todo los soldados marroquíes de tábors de Regulares y los legionarios) utilizando fusil Mauser Modelo 1893 de cañón largo o bien mosquetón Mauser Modelo 1916 fabricado en Oviedo, era capaz de matar con precisión hasta distancias de 1000 e incluso 1200 metros si el arma estaba apoyada sobre una base firme, ya que se trata de fusiles diseñados para disparos a largas distancias y con una bala que produce muy poco retroceso, lo cual optimiza la precisión.
Durante el período 1936-1939, desde un punto de vista militar y balístico, los Mausers que disparaban esta bala calibre 7 x 57 mm eran los mejores del mundo en cuanto a precisión a medias y largas distancias y en cuanto a poder de penetración, por lo que si impactaba en zona vital era enormemente letal, y atravesaba el cuerpo de la víctima a gran velocidad.
Pero sólo podía ser utilizado a distancias tan grandes por tiradores expertos con abundante experiencia previa en combate.
Fue utilizado masivamente por ambos bandos durante la Guerra Civil Española, si bien es cierto que en general los fusiles y mosquetones Máuser utilizados por el bando franquista (sobre todo las unidades del Ejército de Africa) solían encontrarse en mejor estado, además de que un alto porcentaje de las divisiones del Ejército republicano estaban dotadas con fusiles Mosin-Nagant calibre 7.62 x 54R habitualmente en mal estado (incluyendo la 11 División de Líster) y bayoneta triangular.
Así pues, las razones por las que el soldado republicano que está en el árbol no cae al suelo a consecuencia del impacto son por una parte que la bala del calibre 7 x 57 mm le mata probablemente en el acto o bien en cuestión de pocos segundos tras el impacto y atraviesa su cuerpo a gran velocidad, pero al no ser un calibre con gran pegada, la mitad superior del cuerpo del soldado republicano (es decir, aproximadamente de cintura para arriba) es impulsada hacia atrás al recibir el balazo, pero el soldado no cae al suelo porque gran parte del peso de su cuerpo descansa sobre ramas gruesas del árbol (trasero, pie derecho, y zona inferior del muslo izquierdo), mientras que su mano derecha que estaba tirando de un cable telefónico, ha quedado inerte o bien con sus últimas energías durante muy pocos segundos más -que es lo más probable-, apoyada sobre una rama más gruesa de lo que pudiera pensarse en un principio y la mano izquierda del soldado se ha aferrado como reacción defensiva al sentir el impacto de la bala a una rama gruesa (puede apreciarse en uno de los reencuadres selectivos, que acaba de producirse una pérdida de fuerza de agarre y sólo tres dedos de la mano izquierda agarran ya la rama, mientras la zona superior de su brazo derecho y el peso de su cuerpo en dicha zona es aguantado por otra gruesa rama mayormente en sombra, al tiempo que su espalda es sujetada por dos ramas muy gruesas iluminadas y en forma de V cuyos brazos alcanzan el borde izquierdo del fotograma y que confluyen por su otro extremo cerca del hombro derecho del soldado, y vemos también otras muchas ramas de menor grosor que ayudan a sujetar el cuerpo del soldado.
Es posible que si el soldado republicano que está muerto en el árbol hubiera recibido el impacto de una bala de superior calibre y mayor o mucha mayor pegada (tanto si el proyectil impacta en zona vital o no) como el 7.62 x 54R Mosin Nagant o Dragunov, 7.62 x 51 (308 Winchester), 30-06 Springfield, 270 Winchester de 130 grains, 300 Weatherby Magnum, 338 Lapua Magnum, etc (no mencionaremos la munición Nitro-Express por hallarse en otro ámbito todavía de mucha mayor potencia) hubiera caido al suelo - o quizá no, ya que el soldado tiene su cuerpo apoyado en varios puntos distintos del árbol, que han frenado su repentina inclinación involuntaria hacia atrás, aunque desde luego, dicha caída habría sido bastante más probable, debido a la mucha mayor potencia de estos calibres-.
Pero no con una bala del calibre 7 x 57 mm Mauser, de mucha menor pegada y tamaño más pequeño con respecto a calibres de mayor potencia y volumen, pero fue elegida a principios del siglo XX nada menos que por el inglés John Rigby, uno de los mayores expertos de la historia en cartuchos de caza mayor, que lo utilizó en algunos de su mejores diseños, cambiando su denominación a calibre .275 Rigby, intentando competir de tú a tú en caza mayor africana con rifles nitro-express de muchísimo mayor calibre y pegada.
La bala del calibre 7 x 57 mm fue también muy utilizada por el cazador escocés Karamojo Bell, que entre 1902 y 1920 abatió gran cantidad de elefantes en Africa que le obligaban a impactar siempre en zona vital debido a la mucha menor pegada del 7 x 57 mm en comparación con la munición nitroexpress habitualmente utilizada por los cazadores africanos de grandes especies, pero el escaso retroceso del fusil copia exacta del Mauser español Modelo 1893 7 x 57 mm (fabricado para él por John Rigby) con el que disparaba, su gran trayectoria plana, su carga de pólvora sin humo de 173 grains (11 gramos) y su alta densidad seccional que le permitía montar proyectiles largos y pesados, así como su gran poder de penetración y precisión en los disparos a larga distancia, posibilitaron el que pudiera cazar grandes paquidermos a distancias mucho mayores (en algunos casos hasta los 600 metros) que otros cazadores que utilizaban munición de mucha mayor pegada pero inferior velocidad, mucho mayor retroceso y precisión notablemente menor a medias y largas distancias.
Por tanto, si la bala del 7 x 57 mm era capaz de tales resultados con elefantes a distancias medias y largas, siempre y cuando el impacto fuera en zona vital, cabe imaginarse sus efectos fulminantes sobre un ser humano, pero con mucha menor pegada y lanzamiento del cuerpo de la víctima hacia atrás que con otros muchos calibres de mayor potencia.
Nota 2.- Durante los últimos veinte años, ha habido algunas personas que sostenían la tesis de que el soldado republicano que aparece en el árbol se hallaba sobre el mismo en misión de observación, lo cual no es cierto.
Este comprensible error se ha debido a que en la imagen del soldado republicano subido en el árbol (negativo número 6) se aprecia una zona triangular alargada y en sombra, cuyo borde está iluminado y que puede confundirse muy fácilmente con unos prismáticos.
Pero el gran artesano Csiki Weisz, pleno conocedor de la trascendencia de las líneas de Mackie, tras recibir los negativos de Teruel de Capa hace casi tres cuartos de siglo, utilizó revelador concentrado de alta acutancia Agfa Rodinal, lo cual permitió aumentar la definición de los efectos de borde inherentes a la película Agfa pancromática expuesta por Bob en Teruel, por lo que en el laboratorio del Capa Atelier de Rue Frondivaux, 37, Emerico Imre Weisz consiguió crear el mejor negativo de 35 mm posible, así como su contacto, generando la máxima nitidez de contornos y discernibilidad de detalles posible.
Gracia a ello, 75 años después, el reencuadre selectivo de esa zona de la fotografía revela que lo que pudiera interpretarse viendo la foto completa como unos prismáticos colgados del cuello y situados sobre el pecho del soldado republicano junto a su mano izquierda, es en realidad la solapa derecha de su abrigo de invierno, lo cual demuestra una vez más la enorme importancia de la acutancia a efectos de la identificación de detalles.
Copyright Text José Manuel Serrano Esparza. LHSA
Inscrito en el Registro Territorial de la Propiedad Intelectual de Madrid
Otros artículos sobre Robert Capa:
ROBERT CAPA: CHINA 1938: PRIMERAS FOTOGRAFÍAS KODACHROME DE GUERRA DE LA HISTORIA
LA PRIMERA LEICA DE ROBERT CAPA VENDIDA DURANTE LA HISTÓRICA SEGUNDA SUBASTA WESTLICHT CAMERA AUCTION
martes, 14 de febrero de 2012
TERUEL : ROBERT CAPA PHOTOGRAPHED A DEAD REPUBLICAN SOLDIER IN A TREE ON 21-24 DECEMBER 1937
José Manuel Serrano Esparza. LHSA
SPANISH VERSION
During the last weeks there has been a curious debate focused on the Pepe Pásame Los Alicates (Pepe, Hand Me The Pliers !) Hypothesis regarding a famous picture made by Robert Capa in the outskirts of Teruel of a Republican soldier who was killed on a tree while he was repairing the cables of a telephone line, and according to which it is flatly stated that the man appearing in the image is alive, which is not true.
IMPORTANT ASPECTS
Photo: Robert Capa. © Cornell Capa Estate / ICP / Magnum
Until the photographic exhibition The Mexican Suitcase at the International Center of Photography in New York ( which was held between September 24, 2010 and May 8, 2011), this was the only known picture of the three taken by Capa by the aforementioned tree in that place in the outskirts of Teruel in late December 1937, and it has been published with very good wisdom for the last twenty-seven years by different editorials featuring an outstanding international prestige in the photographic scope, such as Alfred A. Knopf with its book Robert Capa: Photographs (year 1985), Aperture with its book Capa: Cara a Cara (year 1999), Phaidon Press with its book Robert Capa: The Definitive Collection (year 2001), and more recently Lunwerg with its book La Guerra Civil Española: Imágenes para la Historia (September 2011) and others, without forgetting some works that were greatly out of print, like Robert Capa: Cuadernos de la Guerra Civil en España (1936-1939) edited in 1987 by Alfonso el Magnánimo Editions of the Valencian Institution os Studies and Research and recently put on sale by Kowasa Bookshop.
But the catalogue book The Mexican Suitcase published by ICP/Steidl, which began to be sold in September 2010 at the International Center of Photography in New York during the premiere exhibition La Maleta Mexicana held there, showed for the first time the other two pictures made by Capa next to the quoted tree and corresponding to the Agfa 35 mm roll film with 36 exposures with which he took those three photographs and other twenty-one more in other different locations both in the outskirts and urban area of Teruel city, with the two last negatives (numbers 28 and 29) exposed in Plaza del Torico.
Besides, both the three pictures made by Capa next to the tree and the other twenty-one he gets afterwards in different locations of the outskirts and built-up Teruel were displayed as 35 mm contacts on the walls of the ICP New York during the first worldwide exhibition of The Mexican Suitcase (September 24, 2010-May 8, 2011) and the Musée Départemental Arles Antique during the second worldwide exhibition of it held during the Rencontres Photographiques d´Arles (July 4-September 18, 2011),
Detail of the 35 mm contact sheet (with a total of 24 frames) with negatives 4, 5 and 6 exposed by Capa in a location of the outskirts of Teruel between December 21-24, 1937 and present on the wall of one of the rooms of the Musée Départamental Arles Antique during the exhibition La Valise Mexicaine held in that city during the second worldwide exhibition of it within the Rencontres Photographiques d´Arles (France) 2011. Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza
as a contact sheet corresponding to the b & w Agfa panchromatic 35 mm film roll and 36 frames used by Capa to expose the twenty-four negatives of that spool found as different disorderly negative strips in the Mexican Suitcase in 2007.
It is the Agfa 35 mm film roll number 111, corresponding to the Battle of Teruel and exposed by Capa in late December 1937, though the true expert in Capa Richard Whelan knew with higher accuracy the approximate date of December of that year in which Capa could take the picture of the Republican soldier killed on the tree, as we´ll see later.
Therefore, the negative of the picture that has been known for many decades, and in which the Republican soldier killed on the tree appears, is the frame number 6 of the first strip of negatives of the 35 mm and 36 exposures film, while the other two (frames 4 and 5) are respectively the two previous ones that he makes in that same place and that have known for more than a year.
That´s to say, Capa only takes three photographs of the Republican soldier climbed on the tree, of which precisely the last one (frame number 6) is the one already known since the time of Spanish Civil War (it appeared in Regards on January 13, 1938 and in Life on January, 24 of the same year), after which Capa doens´t make any more pictures in that location, something very strange bearing in mind his professional career and his way of getting photographs, and very important for the study of this famous picture, such as we´ll see soon.
On the other hand, the existence of the original captions made by Capa as to the different photographs made by him in Aragón Front without any reference made by him on the killed Republican soldier appearing in the image, doesn´t automatically mean at all that he is alive.
As a matter of fact, he is dead or mortally wounded very few seconds before dying.
A REAL DEATH
Since January 1938 in which the photograph was published by Regards and Life, it is known that the Republican soldier on the tree was repairing the telephone cables visible in the image, when suddenly, he was shot, something that has also been explained in different books published since early eighties on Robert Capa, albeit the hypothesis of electrocution defended by ICP on page 283 of the quoted two volume catalogue book can´t be 100% excluded.
It isn´t less certain that Magnum Agency, Richard Whelan and Cornell Capa always stated with utter conviction and discernment that the Republican soldier appearing on a tree (the only one of the three made by Capa in this spot known until a year ago, and in which his comrade doesn´t turn up) is dead as a consequence of a rifle shot made by a Francoist soldier performing as a sniper, which has turned out to be the truth as we´ll see later.
On the other hand, in the further two negatives (frames 4 and 5, known and seen by thousands of people all over the world for a year) that Capa exposes of the Republican soldier climbed on a tree, there are some very significant differential sides regarding the number 6 negative, which is the last picture made by Capa in this place.
a) In the negative number 4
Photo: Robert Capa. © Cornell Capa Estate / ICP / Magnum
we can see a comrade of the Republican soldier who is on the tree. This second soldier is standing beside the tree, while the man who is climbed on it, is trying to mend the cables of the telephone line. And next to the feet of this second soldier there´s a telephone cable bobbin (barely perceptible, because it sports a dark colour and is within shadow area)
Capa takes this picture from a perpendicular position to both Republican soldiers. We see that the soldier on the tree is leaning his legs, bottom and back on some thick branches, and his position is a natural one for a man working with the cables, so his body is rather bent down.
You can see part of the telephone wire of the bobbin protruding under one of the feet of the soldier on the tree, while his comrade (appearing standing, sideways and with his right arm a bit folded towards the rangefinder 35 mm Contax II camera and non coated Carl Zeiss Jena 5 cm f/2 lens with which Capa takes the picture) is looking at the ground, with his eyes staring at the lower right area of the frame and both of his hands inside the pockets (due to the temperature of approximately -10º C existing in Teruel at those instants) and maybe momentarily thinking about something.
Two tense telephone cables can likewise be discerned, departing from the center of the frame left border and describing a slightly ascending trajectory until converging in the tree on which the Republican soldier is, while another tense cable can be seen describing a descending path and going from this tree to a second tree appearing on the right of the frame.
b) In the negative number 5,
Photo: Robert Capa. © Cornell Capa Estate / ICP / Magnum
we see that Capa has moved to get the picture from a different angle, while the Republican soldier goes on climbed on the tree working with the cables and now he is captured wholly from behind, so we can only glimpse his winter coat and his left arm grabbing a thick branch on which he is looking for another supporting point (the main leaning points go on being the thick branch on which the backside rests, the thick branch on which the right foot rests and the thick branch on which the lower area of left thigh and calf are leant, although it all is hidden by the soldier coat).
The tree with the soldier on it appears on the left half of the frame, while his comrade is now visible also standing, but much sharper, both his face features and his winter clothes (even the buttons of his garment can be made out). He is looking at his comrade climbed on the tree while he works with the cables.
This second soldier continues with his two hands inside his pockets (now both of his wrists are perfectly visible).
A rural stone made house with some doors and windows can be seen in the background.
And now we can observe the dark colour bobbin with telephone cable on the ground by the feet of the second Republican soldier with a much higher level of detail, along with a some meters stretch of telephone wire ascending from the bobbin to the tree branches and falling on the other side.
A further tense telephone cable going from just under the coat of the Republican soldier working on the tree up to the right border of the negative can be seen, in the same way as two other telephone wires which go from the tree to the center of the left border of the frame, describing a descending trajectory.
Though we can´t see the face of the Republican soldier on the tree, bearing in mind his posture (grabbing a thick branch with his left arm, with his body bent down, and because of it the back of his head not visible over his coat), it is apparent that this man - in the same way as happens in the negative number 4- is still alive and working with the cables, while his comrade watches him.
c) In the negative number 6 (the most famous of the three photographs, and in which Capa captures the Republican soldier on the tree, but now his comrade doesn´t appear in the frame)
Photo: Robert Capa. © Cornell Capa Estate / ICP / Magnum
we see that the position of the Republican soldier climbed on the tree is utterly different to the one depicted in the negatives 4 and 5, because now he isn´t bent down working with cables, but pulling from a telephone wire (which can bee seen in the image departing from the upper area of the left border of the frame) grabbed with his right hand, when suddenly he has been shot by an enemy bullet that has killed him, and he has remained in an exceedingly forced position, with his back very leaned backwards and his head even more.
This soldier goes on with a good percentage of his body resting on his right foot - leaned on a thick branch of the tree- and though unlike the two previous pictures, his left leg is now hanging from the tree, the lower area of the left thigh is also leant on a thick branch, and his backside is likewise resting on another thick branch concealed by the soldier coat.
This position in which appears the Republican soldier on the tree in negative 6 is excessively forced and rigid, too bent backwards, with the risk of breaking the branches on which the back and upper right arm rest, since though they are thick, they feature a much lesser width than the ones supporting the weight of his right foot, lower area of the left thigh and bottom.
Evidently, the Pepe Pásame Los Alicates (Pepe Give Me The Pliers!) Hypothesis must be discarded, because this man is with his face excessively towards the sky and if he were asking for a tool to his standing comrade by the tree, he would look downward.
On the other hand, if a man climbs on a tree with the aim of repairing a telephone cable, the normal thing would be he took the pliers or any other tool inside his pockets, to have everything handy.
But besides, the position is very rigid and agonic, full of stress, the soldier has his eyes wide open with evident countenance of shock, and his left hand appears grasping a branch of the tree, while his right hand grabs a stretch of cable (which is visible with a descending path, beginning in the upper left border of the frame, reaching the right hand of the soldier - who holds a little portion of it- and then continues in a descending trajectory, bent by gravity).
The countenance of this man doesn´t correspond at all to a person who is asking for a pair of pliers or any other thing.
Moreover, in one of the selective enlargements we´ve made, it can be also watched that the right hand of the soldier who grabs this little stretch of telephone cable from which he was pulling, is not governed by the will of the soldier any more, has remained practically inert or with its last grasping strengths after the man has been shot (or electrocuted, a hypothesis that can´t be 100% excluded) and leaned on a branch of the tree being thicker than could be thought in the beginning on watching the entire picture, with the hand fingers bent inwards and the telephone wire still grabbed between two of them (ring finger and medium one ).
That´s the reason for which the telephone wire appears still tense.
It can also be visually checked in these two selective enlargements of the right hand grabbing the telephone cable - which appears in dark colour- that the grasping strength of this man has greatly decreased and the wire that highly probably he had initially held in the middle area of separation between the ring finger and medium finger up to the knuckles with his closed hand and surely with more fingers providing further grabbing under it, is now beyond the upper extreme of the knuckles of ring finger and medium finger, about to loose, instead of being on a closer position with respect to the joint of both fingers, as they would be very probably before the shot, and which fosters the grasping much more.
On the other hand, his mouth is excessively open, in the same way as his eyes, with a clear gesture of unexpected pain and shock.
And besides, in two of the reframings we´ve made, it can be clearly seen that as a consequence of the impact of the bullet, which has thrown backwards his upper half of the body, specially his head, his cap has remained somewhat removed on his head, with approximately a 40% of its top area (left zone) without covering, which is very strange, since temperature in the outskirts of Teruel at those moments was approximately -10º C, so if the soldier were alive, his cap would appear firmly tight on his head to protect him from the cold on top of the tree during the minutes he needed to mend the telephone cables.
Therefore, because of all the previously quoted reasons, this image, unlike the previous two ones (negatives 4 and 5) doesn´t correspond at all to an alive man who is working, but to a man who has died or is mortally wounded and with his last stamina within very few second before dying because of an enemy bullet shot by a Francoist soldier performing as a sniper with a 7 x 57 mm Mauser rifle while the Republican soldier was pulling from the telephone wire.
It is very difficult to know with certainty if the picture was taken by Capa just after the Republican soldier on the tree was shot, or some seconds later or even some minutes later.
But bearing in mind Capa´s way of making pictures, his great speed of movements and accuracy in the timing on pressing the shutter realease button of the camera, and the fact that we know the negative number 7 (the following one, made in another location of the outskirts of Teruel), there is a much higher possibility that Capa got the picture just after hearing the shot and the cry of the Republican soldier on being shot, and then quickly took shelter to avoid further risks, in the same way as highly probably did the rest of the soldiers and perhaps some officers that surely were in that location, some meters away and who don´t appear in the three photographs made by Capa in this place.
On the other hand, if Capa got the picture with his usual great quickness, just after hearing the shot and the cry of the Republican soldier on the tree on being pierced by the bullet - which is the most probable thing- there´s a very high possibility that the man appearing in the image has just been shot and is mortally wounded, with his last energies, instinctively going on grabbing the telephone wire with his right hand - which he can´t avoid it slowly falls on the branch and leans on it just after losing grasping strength-, which keeps its tension, while with his left hand he is grabbing another branch, preserving a forced balance, feasible because his right leg, lower area of his left thigh and backside are resting on very thick branches of the tree.
NEW EVIDENCE CONFIRM THE TRUTHFULNESS OF MAGNUM AGENCY CAPTION REGARDING THE PHOTOGRAPH
Once more, the 205 superb master enlargements in 38.8 x 48.8 cm made by Teresa Engle Moreno on baryta paper from copy negatives of 35 mm contacts of pictures made by Robert Capa during the Spanish Civil War and donated by Cornell Capa to the Reina Sofía National Museum and Art Center of Madrid in 1999, have been very important to thoroughly analyze the image of the Republican soldier on the tree, which was one of the photographs selected by the New York ICP that year for such collection.
More than twelve years have already elapsed since Richard Whelan, with difference the greatest expert on Capa of all time, pronounced his mythical lecture in the Reina Sofía Museum and Art Center that unforgettable May 25, 1999 in the CARS, where he displayed his fairly deep knowledge on him, in an act in which Irme Schaber, top world expert on Gerda Taro, was also present.
It was Cornell Capa himself who asked Teresa Engle Moreno the making of these large size copies on photographic black and white paper.
One of them was this one showing a Republican soldier on a tree and killed by a bullet shot by a Francoist soldier performing as a sniper while he was repairing some telephone wires.
Photo: Robert Capa. © ICP New York
The quality and level of detail of this copy - in the same way as happens with the other 201- is so big, including the most difficult to render high key and low key areas, that we have been able to make enlargements of specific areas of the image practically enabling to assure that the Republican soldier appearing on the tree (negative number 6 of the Number 111 35 mm film roll of The Mexican Suitcase) is dead or mortally wounded before dying.
It´s truly fascinating that though Capa made the photograph between December 21-24 1937 - id est, nothing less than 74 years ago- with Agfa panchromatic nitrate film featuring a sensitiveness of around Weston 40 (approximately ISO 32) and rather visible grain, the very good acutance of such a black and white emulsion of the Number 111 Agfa 35 mm film roll (enhanced to the utmost because the development was made using Agfa Rodinal in a 1+50 dilution at 24º C during 8 minutes in a Leitz Correx Cordo tank by Csiki Weisz, who knew well both the excellent sharpness of contours and great level of discerning of details along with the gorgeous contrast control applied to the final obtained negative by this concentrated liquid) and the prowess of the world class printer Teresa Engle Moreno ( who made many copies of Capa´s photographs, Life Pictures Collections, was master printer and teacher at the ICP New York for sixteen years and has often imparted classes in the Rencontres Photographiques d´Arles), who made the enlargement of the picture of the Republican soldier on the tree from a copy negative done with the original 35 mm contact made by Csiki Weisz on December 25-26 1937 with a Leitz Focomat 1 VIWOO Model 1934 enlarger, using the original Agfa 24 x 36 mm negative exposed by Capa in Teruel - a contact which is included in the collection of more than 70,000 contacts of Capa´s pictures held in the archives of the ICP- enable to distinguish a remarkable level of detail in the selective enlargements of small areas of the image taken in the outskirts of Teruel.
THE NEGATIVE NUMBER 7: ANOTHER ALMOST DEFINITIVE EVIDENCE
Thanks to ICP New York and his excellent two volume book The Mexican Suitcase, edited by ICP / STEIDL, and fruit of the great and historical work and effort made for three years by Cynthia Young (Assistant Curator of ICP New York), Kristen Lubben (Associate Curator of ICP New York) and Brian Wallis (Chief Curator of ICP New York) classifying and putting everything in order - along with many more things that have also been decisive-, we´ve known for a year the negatives of both the two previous photographs (frames numbers 4 and 5) made by Capa before the one of the Republican soldier killed on the tree (frame number 6) while he was mending some telephone wires , and also the twenty-one more negatives belonging to the same Number 111 35 mm Agfa film roll and exposed by Robert Capa in other completely different places of both built-up Teruel and the outskirts of the city
Photo: Robert Capa. © Cornell Capa Estate / ICP / Magnum
The negative number 7 was exposed by Capa in another different area of Teruel outskirts and five people appear in it (five Republican soldiers - two of whom are holding Mauser rifles Model 1916 7 x 57 mm caliber in their hands- and a man clad in a dark coloured garment, a thick black scarf and black beret, who could be an officer) advancing across a long sloped way, while some more Republican soldiers and officers - two of them chatting - can be seen in the background.
This number 7 contact is hugely important, since it proves without any doubt that negative number 6 (the image in which you can see the Republican soldier climbed on the tree -with his comrade not appearing in the frame- and in a very forced and stressful position, highly bent backwards, with the danger that the tree branches on which his back are leant can break, and with his eyes and face gesture showing a lot of shock) is the last picture made by Capa in that location.
And the fact that Capa doesn´t make more photographs in this point is very strange, above all in we bear in mind his way of taking pictures and his professional career.
Evidently, if the Republican soldier dead on the tree in negative 6 was asking his comrade a tool (pliers or anything else), Capa would have undoubtedly got the picture of the moment in which the second soldier standing by the tree hands him such hypothetical tool, because Bob was always highly aware of capturing the representative instants, a constant attitude in his coverage of the Spanish Civil War since he arrived in Spain on August 5, 1936.
As a matter of fact, Capa made big efforts to photograph those moments between August 1936 and late May 1937, because during that period he used a Leica III (Model F) 1933-1939 with a non coated Leitz Summar 5 cm f/2 and a Leica II (Model D) with Elmar 5 cm f/3.5 lens - the latter property of Csiki Weisz, who lent it to Capa and Taro from mid November 1936-, rangefinder cameras sporting different little windows for the RF and the viewfinder, so the photographer had to firstly focus and then frame.
Capa made a lot of representative pictures in different front of the Spanish Civil War during his ten first months of stay in Spain, though the camera he wore, because of the aforementioned reasons, greatly slowed his production and style of taking pictures, based on the maximum possible speed, the very fast movements thanks to his rather good natural athletic condition and a great accuracy in the timing when pressing the shutter realease button of the camera to capture the important moments.
But in early May 1937, there was a meeting in the desk of Henry Luce, owner and editor of Life and Time Inc., on the 31st floor of 48th Street of New York, between him and Wilson Hicks (Executive Editor), Daniel Longwell (Executive Editor), John Shaw Billings (Manager Editor) and Edward K. Thompson ( Wilson´s Hicks right-hand man since 1937 and the best picture editor of them all, to such an extent that sometimes, if there was time pressure, he was able to choose the best images of a number of Alfred Eisenstaedt´s 35 mm film rolls in the darkroom looking at the still wet with sodium tiosulphate fixer negatives) in which they agreed to give their maximum support to Robert Capa by means of Richard de Rochemont, Director of Time Life Inc. in Europe, whose main office was in Paris, for Life magazine was highly interested in being sent as many meaningful pictures of the Spanish Civil War as possible made by Capa.
In that meeting it was also decided that Richard de Rochemont - who was likewise director of the cinematographic series The March of Time- would hand over Capa an Eyemo 35 mm movie camera and a new 35 mm rangefinder Contax II photographic camera with Carl Zeiss Jena Sonnar 5 cm f/2 lens in order that he could increase his working speed and photographic yield as much as feasible.
And it happened that way in the meeting held by Robert Capa and Richard de Rochemont in Paris between May 20-25 1937. From that moment on, Capa stopped using his Leica III (Model F) 1933-1939, changing to a Contax II with a non coated Carl Zeiss Jena Sonnar 5 cm f/2, with which he got a lot of representative pictures, working much more comfortably, since as well as not having to separately focus and frame, the 90 mm rangefinder baselength with a magnification of 0.75x of the Contax II provided a much higher speed and focusing accuracy, it was a much lesser proned to misalignments RF and on the other hand, the loading and unloading of film in the Contax II was much easier than with the Leica III, thanks to its removable back.
If we keep it all in mind, it is exceedingly queer that if the Republican soldier appearing on the tree in the negative number 6 is alive and asking his comrade for pliers or any other tool, either precisely at that moment or some seconds later, Capa didn´t take the picture just at the instant in which he is being given it, because he has a much adequate camera to do it quickly than the Leica III he used between August 1936 and early May 1937 and with which he always paid top attention to photograph that kind of representative moments.
Capa would have tried to get the picture of the instant in which the standing soldier by the tree passes the pliers or any other tool to the soldier who is on the table with any camera he had had handy, even a Kodak Brownie.
But truth is that such an instant didn´t exist. There wasn´t any handing over of pliers or any other tool to the Republican soldier depicted in negative number 6, which is clearly dead or mortally wounded very few seconds before dying.
The negative number 7 categorically proves, without margin for doubt, that frame number 6 is the last picture taken by Capa at that spot and that the soldier appearing climbed on the tree isn´t asking anything to his companion (as clearly proved by the selective enlargements we have made), but dead because of a 7 x 57 mm caliber bullet (the most commonly used by the Francoist side and from a military viewpoint featuring excellent ballistic qualities, to such an extent that it became sadly famous, in the same way as its ´pac´ sound of impact, for being able to accurately kill up to distances of 1000 and 1200 meters) made by a Francoist soldier from a long distance, leaning the Mauser 1893 Model long barrel rifle or Mauser 1916 mosquetón on a firm base.
IMPOSSIBILITY THAT CAPA DOESN´T TAKE ANY MORE PICTURES IN THE LOCATION WHERE HE EXPOSES THE NEGATIVES 4, 5 AND 6 BECAUSE HE HAS GOT LITTLE FILM AND HE WANTS TO BE SPARING WITH IT
It is true that during the second half of thirties photographic film was scarce and expensive, above all the 35 mm one, which was then deemed as the ´small format´.
Both Capa and Gerda Taro had some problems for getting film between August 1936 and July 1937.
But in December 1937, this didn´t almost affect Capa, already a very recognized photographer, working among other media for Life magazine (the most important in the world then, with a huge economical power and influence), Regards (one of the best French magazines), The Illustrated London News (one of the most influential British newspapers), Schweizer Illustrierte Zeitung (a top-notch quality illustrated Swiss magazine resembling the Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung), Weekly Illustrated and Ce Soir, and he was very well stocked with film through four main sources:
a) Richard de Rochemont, to whom Henry Luce himself had ordered in mid December 1937 to send abundant 35 mm film by plane to Robert Capa, because Life (which had started his relationship with Bob publishing in late December 1936 some of the pictures that he had made in Madrid during the two last weeks of November and first week of December of that year) wanted to put top effort in the photographic coverage of Teruel battle.
Rochemont (who had a bank account opened in Paris by Henri Luce to pay all the outlays that could arise) was in contact with the Agfa Gevaert factories at Mortsel and Amberes (Belgium) through Hendrik Kuijpers (Technical Director) and R.G.Tritsmans (Engineering Head), along with the big German factory of the industrial conglomerate I.G.Farben at Wolfen, and also with some distributors of Agfa film in the French capital.
And following Luce´s instructions, Rochemont sent Valencia by plane during the third week of September 1937 a significant quantity of spools of Belgian Agfa Gevaert 35 mm film, German Agfa 35 mm film and Kodak Nitrate SS Panchro 35 mm film (earlier, when he was less famous, he had used Eastman Kodak panchromatic nitrate 35 mm cinema film lacking frames numbering and introduced in chassis of different length, which was cheaper), knowing that Capa would begin taking pictures in Teruel on December 21, 1937, as it happened (Bob went on going daily to Teruel departing from Valencia from that day until December 24, 1937, travelling then to Barcelona, where he stayed until January 2, 1937, when he came back to the city of Teruel, which abandoned for ever on the night of December 3, 1937, returning to Paris - two weeks later, on January 21,1938, he sailed from Marseilles together with John Fernhout on board of the ship Aramis bounding for China, where he arrived on February 16, 1938, staying in that country until September 22, 1938).
And when Capa came back from Teruel to Valencia with his exposed 35 mm rolls, the plane took them to Paris (in an operation financed by Henry Luce with his own wherewithal and which was fulfilled with utter secrecy), where Csiki Weisz developed them.
Capa had been using this system above all since May 12, 1937, when he took on board of a 8 cylinder engine Packard 120 car the 35 mm rolls he had exposed during the Battle of Monte Sollube to Lamiako Airport, located in the outskirts of Bilbao, where a plane was waiting for him, and its pilot flew to Biarritz, sending the exposed 35 mm rolls through urgent certified mail to Paris, where they were picked up by Csiki Weisz, who developed them, made the contacts and sent the best pictures to Ce Soir, which published a comprehensive reportage.
b) Regards French magazine, which had been buying photographs from Capa for a lot of months. Regards editors were very happy with the picture essays they had published including pictures made by Capa in different fronts of the Spanish Civil War, that had made them outstandingly increase their publication sales (above all thanks to the great reportage published in the number 10 of December 1936 titled La Capitale Crucifiee, with excellent layout made by the artist Édouard Pignon, art director of the magazine) and they also sent frequently film to Bob.
Not in vain, Regards had been the publication which had sent Capa to Madrid as a photojournalist in two different trips by himself: the first between November 18 and December 5, 1936 and the other one in January, only being a pair of days in the latter.
c) Leon Daniel, director of Pix Photographic Agency in New York, who had hired Capa during his trip to New York in October 1937.
Bob wasn´t satisfied with the results of Black Star Agency which had previously represented him in United States, so he decided to work for Leon Daniel, who was besides the brother of his friend Henri Daniel, that had been one of his first agents in Paris since 1935.
On the other hand, Capa managed to convince Leon Daniel to also hire his brother Cornell as an agency darkroom assistant - Cornell had already experience in such scope, because during the second half of June and July of 1936, he had worked in Paris as an apprentice of the Hungarian photographer Emeric Fehér, and at the same time, he made copies on paper of pictures taken by Bandi in the bathroom of a room he hired in the Hötel de Blois which had been turned into a darkroom.
Moreover, Capa also managed to get that Leon Daniel gave employment to his friend Ladislaus Glück - who had been Simon Guttman´s financial director and creative assistant in early thirties and had helped Bob in 1931 during his stage in Dephot Berlin- as a writer of picture captions.
d) Csiki Weisz, a great friend of Capa since his childhood in Budapest and his darkroom man in Paris. Weisz lived and spent a lot of daily hours in the darkroom of Capa Attelier in rue Frondivaux, 37, Paris -where Bob had moved in early 1937- developing his 35 mm film rolls, and unlike 1934, 1935 and 1936 when they got through frequent economical problems, their incomes had greatly increased since February 1937, Capa sold pictures to many different important illustrated magazines and he had already hired Csiki Weisz with a fixed salary, paying him a monthly percentage of the earnings.
Weisz was a highly methodical and disciplined man, sporting a remarkable manual skill, and a top-notch film developer and printer, deeply knowing both the features of the chemical b & w emulsions used by Capa and his style of getting pictures. He was also a great admirer of Capa, both as a human being and as a photographer. Once the 35 mm film rolls exposed by Capa arrived in Paris, Weisz developed them and made the contacts and necessary copies, likewise often carrying out the sending of the most representative photographs to the most important and best paying media.
Csiki Weisz sent as much film as he could - bought in Paris- to Capa through certified mail, wherever he was.
IT IS NOT TRUE THAT THERE WEREN´T FRANCOIST TROOPS ON THE AREA AT THOSE MOMENTS
Also according to the Hipothesis of Pepe Pásame Los Alicates (Pepe Hand Me The Pliers !), ´it is impossible that the Republican soldier on the tree was shot by an enemy sniper, because at those moments there weren´t Francoist troops in the zone´, which is utterly uncertain.
Evidently, between December 21-24 1937, when Capa makes the picture, Republican troops hold a sway over both inside the city of Teruel (where only the approximately 4,000 men of colonel Rey d´Harcourt - Francoist 52th Division- resist in various strongholds, specially in the Palacio de la Gobernación and in the Seminary) and its outskirts.
The offensive planned by general Vicente Rojo and Hernández Saravia - knowing that Franco had a total of twelve divisions concentrated from Jalón Valley to Medinaceli, and also in Guadalajara province since early December of 1937 to try launching the definitive attack on Madrid- attains the necessary surprise factor and is successful because of the overwhelming numerical superiority (60,000 attacking Republican soldiers against roughly 4,000 Francoist defenders), the compelling need of offering a victory to the public opinion and the thrust of an already highly experienced Enrique Líster, who - in the same way as had happened in Brunete five months and a half before- is the one breaking the front on December 15, 1937 with his 11th Division, until conquering the village of Concud- 6 km on the northwest of Teruel city- and its surrounding hills.
At the same time, the XVIII Republican Army Corps (34 and 64 Divisions) under the command of colonel Fernández-Heredia, advances across the south towards the city, putting the Francoist defenders of Puerto Escandón (around 16 km in the southeast of Teruel) to flight, to such an extent that on December 17, 1937, both units contact each other and complete the pincer movement on Teruel, which is wholly encircled by abundant Republican troops equipped with 400 cannons, 100 T-26 and BT-5 tanks and around 120 aircraft as an aerial support.
On its turn, the center of the Republican onslaught is performed by the XX Army Corps under the command of lieutenant colonel Leopoldo Menéndez, while the right wing of the Republican attack is made up by a column of more than 16,000 men and 15,000 more in reserve, they all under the command of colonel Juan Ibarrola.
Líster and Fernández-Heredia decide to quickly attack the Muela of Teruel, a hill located on the west of the city (and featuring a huge strategic significance, since you can dominate Teruel with artillery from it), which is speedily attained, with the city being finally captured on December 18, 1937 by the Republican 34 Division.
Thousands and thousands of Republican soldiers go on arriving at the outskirts of Teruel, and the percentage of Francoist soldiers in the outer perimeter of the city are suffering heavy casualties and are about to be routed, so colonel Domingo Rey D´Harcourt decides to withdraw his men to the urban area of the city, setting up a house by house battle, striving after slowing the Republican victory as much as possible and trying to gain time for the Francoist reinforcements to arrive, in such a way that the following day, the Republican forces attack in the zones of football ground - captured by the 34th Division- and the cemetery, already almost touching the built-up area of Teruel.
From December 19, 1937, Francoist troops under the command of general Aranda (81th and 84th Francoist Divisions) arrive at the outskirts of Teruel, but their effectives are not enough to be able to break the siege, so they devote themselves to watch the enemy positions in the outskirts of Teruel (so as to look for breach points through which to attack in mid term and try to break the siege when further reinforcements arrive) and to hinder the telegraph and telephone communications of the siegers with the outer areas as much as possible, because it is very important for Franco to avoid by all means the real time communication of the Republican high commanders sieging Teruel with Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia.
Between 19 and the night of December 20, 1937, the Republican XX Army Corps conquers the Francoist positions in Puerto Escandón and Castralvo.
El Campesino - once the way has been previously cleared by Líster´s 11th Division, colonel Fernández-Heredia´s XVIII Army Corps and general Walter´s 35th Division- strikes through the central area, endeavouring to reach the Plaza del Torico as soon as possible, which he doesn´t manage to achieve due to the Numantine defense made by colonel Rey D´Harcourt, who has been given the order to fight to the death if necessary by Franco.
But on December 22, the Republican troops manage to force their way up to the Plaza del Torico, which is captured after a massive use of ordnance and attacks with T-26 and BT-5 tanks.
From that moment on, the fight becomes even more fierce, and colonel Rey D´Harcourt´s contingents of Francoist troops retreat to the south of the city with the aim of keeping on delaying the advance of Republican troops as much as possible, fortified inside the Hotel Aragón, the Civil Government building, the Seminary, the Bank of Spain and the Santa Clara convent, waiting for Francoist reinforcements.
Teruel turns into a small scale Stalingrad, soldiers of both sides fight house by house and the Republican troops are bound to steadily use artillery, hand grenades and dynamite to be able to surrender the Francoist defenders, shelling building by building.
Casualties in both sides are very heavy.
Capa arrives in Teruel on December 21, 1937 at first hour in the morning. He gets a lot of pictures of Republican soldiers and officials, with a very cold temperature of -10º C and he comes back to Valencia in the evening, with his first exposed 35 mm film rolls of Teruel Battle.
The following day, Capa makes contact in Valencia with Ernest Hemingway, the American journalist Herbert Matthews (reporter of the New York Times and a personal friend of Robert Capa) and the British journalist Dennis Sefton Delmer (head of the Paris office of The Daily Telegraph). The three are also making the daily round trip to Teruel inside Matthew´s car.
From that moment, on December 22, 23 and 24, 1937, Capa makes daily the route Valencia-Teruel / Teruel-Valencia, taking many more pictures in Teruel during the morning and afternoon, and returning in the evening to the Turia capital with the exposed 35 mm film rolls.
On December 24, 1937 in the evening, Capa delivers the package with all of the 35 mm films he has exposed in Teruel during the mornings and afternoons of December 21, 22, 23 and 24 to the pilot of the plane (who has arrived once more in Valencia from Paris, chartered by Richard de Rochemont, fulfilling the mission given to him by Henry Luce -who is the person really financing the whole project with his own wherewithal-) for the pilot to take them to the French capital and deliver to Csiki Weisz for its development and contacts.
Then, Capa travels by car to Barcelona with Ernest Hemingway, Herbert Matthews and Dennis Sefton Delmer, to spend the Christmas Eve in the Condal City.
Just the following day after the arrival of Capa in Barcelona, Vicente Rojo (Head of the Republican High Command) travels from Teruel to Barcelona, and shortly after, he returns to Madrid, a piece of news that arrives at the Francoist high commanders, who take the opportunity to try to break the siege of Teruel on December 29, 1937, by means of a great offensive made by generals Varela and Aranda, during which major García Valiño and major Muñoz Grandes (other two Francoist high commanders with a lot of years of experience in battle in the Spanish Army of Africa), in spite of not having abundant effectives, conquer La Muela, and from there they have Teruel at their artillery reach, but a night counterattack made by the 70th Republican division under the command of Nilamón Toral Azcona makes them step back, though García Valiño recovers the position twenty-four hours later in the middle of a bloodshed in which every advanced meter means dozens of killed soldiers.
Casualties go on being very heavy on both sides. The Republican forces greatly dominate the situation, but there´s the possibility that Francoist troops try to once again focus their assaults on specific points to break the siege, so Vicente Rojo decides to come back to Teruel on December 31, 1937.
Capa and the three journalists go on being in Barcelona, where they have spent the Christmas Eve, Christmas Day and December 31 of 1937, the last day of the year. They have witnessed between December 21-24, 1937 the success of the Republican attack and the victory that was about to be achieved, with the whole conquest of Teruel, because only the last Francoist redoubts remained to be captured.
Suddenly, on January 1, 1938, when Capa , Hemingway Matthews and Sefton Delmer are still in Barcelona, they are reported that a great mess has arisen regarding what is happening in Teruel, because Fracoist radio broadcast stations and newspapers are telling that Francoist troops have recaptured the city of Teruel.
The four of them become astonished. That is impossible, because only seven days before, almost the whole city was in Republican hands and they were about to conquer the last buildings with colonel Rey D´ Harcourt´s effectives inside.
Stress does increase continuously. They know it can´t be true, but in those instants, everybody in Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia has doubts. It´s impossible to know what is really happening in Teruel.
Reality is that Franco has decided to try to break the siege, but he hasn´t reconquered Teruel at all ( he won´t be able to capture it again until February 22, 1938, during the Alfambra offensive).
Francoist generals Varela and Aranda have attempted to try the siege on December 29 and 30, finding an exceedingly strong Republican resistance, and on December 31, 1937, they have managed to reach La Muela by dint of heavy casualties.
General Varela is in permanent contact with colonel Yagüe. Both of them know that they need more days to be able to send reinforcements to the area, above all the dreaded elite Barron´s 13th Division and the 5th Division, which is not possible in the short term, due to the great Republican numerical superiority in the area and the very low temperatures and thick snow everywhere, hampering the transport of troops and supplies.
On December 31, 1938, Francoist troops have tried to get a breaking point approaching to the first houses of Teruel and infiltrating up to the railways station of the city.
The temperature is already extremely low, with a thermal feeling of -26º C.
During the night of that December 31, 1937, there´s an impasse moment in which some Republican units make a helter-skelter flight, believing that they were being attacked by en masse reinforcements of the Francoist Army of Africa.
These Francoist troops under the command of Varela and Aranda are still scarce in the area, but have had even the chance of attaining a breakage point and attempting to free the Seminar - stubbornly defended by colonel Barba and some hundred soldiers-, but general Varela convinces Franco to order these troops to come back to their departing points, because the weather forecast announces an exceedingly snowfall and a drop of temperatures up to around -18º C and they haven´t got enough quantity of men to face the unsurmountable Republican superiority in the area, without tabors of Regulares and legionnaries who can perform encircling manoeuvers.
Varela´s forestalling, who is in steady contact with Franco, has enabled to free those infiltrated Francoist forces from a certain death, because since January 1, 1938, Vicente Rojo, a remarkable strategist, on being aware of the incursion of enemy troops, reads perfectly the context, reorganizes the Republican forces in Teruel and launches a massive counterattack which puts the most advanced Francoist troops to flight, making them withdraw to their starting area in La Muela, where they entrench themselves.
The convent of Santa Clara has also fallen on January 1, 1938, with the Francoist defenders inside it having died up to the last man, and Vicente Rojo orders to assault the Comandancia Militar (Command Headquarters) as soon as possible, a task for which he will need two further days.
Franco is reported by Varela that the last defensive strongholds of colonel Rey D´Harcourt in Teruel are about to fall in Republican hands (which will happen on January 8, 1938), and they haven´t got enough forces to launch a successfully guaranteed attack to break the siege against the many Republican divisions present in the area without the help of units of the Army of Africa, specially Fernando Barrón´s 13th Division - which is at those moments in the area of Salinas de Medinaceli (Soria)- and Franco won´t be able to begin his Alfambra offensive until January 17, 1938, which will result in the recapture of Teruel in late February.
The Francoist high commanders need to gain time, so - something common in both sides during the Spanish Civil War- they have chosen to spread the radiophonic and newspaper false rumour of announcing something that isn´t obviously true: the reconquering of Teruel by Francoist troops on January 1, 1938.
But the false piece of news has the desired effect. Besides, telephone and telegraph communications between Teruel and the rest of important Spanish cities have been cut by small contingents of Francoist troops infiltrated through different points and hindering any Republican attempt of laying telephone or telegraph wire.
Truth is that the Republican forces are about to conquer the 100% of urban Teruel (which will take place on January 8, 1938, with the surrendering of the last Francoist defenders and colonel Barba in the Seminar, after the capitulation of colonel Domingo Rey D´Harcourt at the Military Headquarters the day before).
But the city is practically without real time communication, with the telephone and telegraph lines greatly sabotaged in the outskirts.
The false piece of news of the reconquest of Teruel by Francoist troops on January 1, 1938, arrives that same day at Henry Luce himself, who needs to publish the reportage with Capa´s photographs as soon as possible to show a Republican victory in Teruel.
The boss of Life magazine and Time Inc. communicates with Richard de Rochemont and orders him to contact Capa in Barcelona within the shortest feasible time and send him again to Teruel to take new pictures and attest to what is really happening.
This way, Capa is telephoned by Richard de Rochemont, who gives him the new instructions, and sends him more 35 mm films. Life has invested a lot of time, effort and money to get Capa´s reportage at any cost, so they need to verify on the spot what is truly taking place in Teruel.
On the other hand, Richard Whelan states in his biography on Capa that on January 2, 1938, telephone and telegraph communications with Teruel went on cut, so in the morning of that day, Capa and Matthews went out from Barcelona on the latter´s car bound for Teruel, and on arriving at a port located 30 km from the city, they found a huge traffic jam of Republican military vehicles, because from that point on, the road was covered by a half a metre layer of snow, so it took them eight hours to cross the port, until they reached the Port of El Ragudo, then managing to go down to the area of Barracas where they could have dinner with some Republican soldiers.
The following day January 3, 1938, Capa and Matthews discovered that the Francoists had advanced very much and had been attacking the city for some days with their artillery and aircraft, but most of Teruel was still in Republican hands.
Capa made a lot of further photographs during the morning and afternoon of this day, being witness of some of the hardest moments of the battle, above all the frontal attack with grenades and fixed bayonets made by the Republican soldiers on the charred building of the Palace of the Civil Governor, inside whose ruins the last Francoist defenders resisted, after the blowing up of the façade.
Capa returned with Herbert Matthews to Barcelona during the night of that same day, and there he mounted on a plane which took him to Paris, where he delivered all the 35 mm films he had exposed on January 3, 1938 to Csiki Weisz at number 37 of rue Froidevaux, venue of Capa Attelier.
Note 1.- Some persons have stated that ´the Republican soldier appearing on a tree in the negative number 6 can´t have been shot by a rifle bullet, because in that case, ´on being on such a weak support´, he would have fallen on the ground as a consequence of the bullet impact, and so, the soldier depicted in the image is alive´, which is not true.
Aside from the aforementioned different factors and evidence, it is important to know that from a ballistic viewpoint, the 7 x 57 mm caliber doesn´t excel in a tremendous hitting power, but for its great accuracy, very long range and huge penetration power, keeping an exceedingly flat trajectory and a very high speed for the time of 730 m / seg, so in the hands of an experienced shooter (and every Francoist division had many of them, both the Iberian Peninsula units and the one belonging to the Army of Africa, above all the Moroccan soldiers of tabors of Regulares and the legionnaires) using long barrel Model 1893 7 x 57 mm Mauser rifles or Mosquetón Mauser Model 1916 made in Oviedo, was able to accurately kill up to distances of 1000 and even 1200 meters if the gun was leant on a firm base, because they are rifles designed for long distance shooting with a bullet generating scarce recoil, which optimizes accuracy.
During the period 1936-1939, from a military viewpoint, the Mauser rifles shooting this 7 x 57 mm caliber bullets were the best in the world regarding accuracy at medium and long ranges and also as to penetration power, so if it made impact on a vital area, it was hugely lethal and pierced the victim´s body at a great speed.
But it could only be used at such long distances by expert snipers (popularly known as ´pacos´) featuring a lot of combat experience.
It was masively used by both sides during the Spanish Civil War, though it is true that usually the Mauser rifles and mosquetones used by the Francoist Army (above all the Army of Africa units) were in better condition, and besides, a high percentage of the Republoican Army divisions were equipped with Mosin-Nagant calibre 7.62 x 54R rifles, often in bad condition (including Líster´s 11th Division) and featuring a triangular bayonet.
Therefore, the reasons for which the Republican soldier on the tree doesn´t fall from it into the ground is that the 7 x 57 mm caliber bullet kills him on the spot or within very few seconds after the impact, and pierces his body at great speed, but on not being a caliber featuring a great hitting power, the upper half of the Republican soldier body (that´s to say, approximately from waist upwards) is thrown backwards on receiving the shot, but the soldier doesn´t fall down because a great percentage of his weight is resting on thick branches of the tree (backside, right foot and lower area of his left thigh), while his right hand which was pulling from a telephone cable, has remained inert or with its last energy for very few seconds more - which is the most probable-, leant on a thicker branch than could be thought in the beginning.
And as a defensive reaction on feeling the impact of the bullet, the soldier´s left hand has grabbed a thick branch (it can be seen in one of the selective enlargements we´ve made, that there has just been a loss of grabbing strength and only three fingers of the left hand are already grasping the branch, while his upper right arm area and the weight of his body in that zone is supported by another branch mainly in shadow, while his back is held by two V shaped and sunlit very thick branches whose arms reach the left border of the frame and converge on his other extreme near the right shoulder of the soldier, and we also see a lot of other less thick branches helping to hold the soldier body.
It is possible that if the Republican soldier killed or mortally wounded by a 7 x 57 mm bullet would have been hit by a superior caliber and much powerful bullet (both if the projectile impacts on a vital area or not) like the 7.62 x 54R Mosin Nagant or Dragunov, 7.62 x 51 (308 Winchester), 30-06 Springfield, 270 Winchester with 130 grains load, 300 Weatherby Magnum, 338 Lapua Magnum, etc (we won´t mention Nitro-Express ammunition because it belongs to another much more powerful sphere) he would have fallen to the ground - or maybe not, because the soldier has his body leant on some different points of the tree, which have stopped his sudden bending backwards, though of course, such a hypothetical fall would have been more probable, due to the much higher power of these calibers-.
But not with a 7 x 57 mm caliber Mauser bullet, featuring much lesser hitting power and smaller size regarding calibers sporting more power and volume, a reason for which it was chosen nothing less than by the English John Rigby, one of the greatest experts on hunting cartridges of all time, who used it in some of his best rifle designs, changing its name to .275 Rigby caliber, trying to compete in African hunting with nitro-express rifles featuring far superior caliber and hitting power.
The 7 x 57 mm bullet was also very used by the Scottish hunter Karamojo Bell, who between 1902 and 1920 shot a great number of elephants in Africa, which made him always impact on a vital area, because of the much lesser hitting power of 7 x 57 mm caliber in comparison with the nitro-express ammunition often used by the African hunters of the four biggest animals (elephant, rhino, hippo and buffalo), but the scarce recoil of the rifle being an exact copy of the Spanish Mauser model 1893 7 x 57 mm caliber (made for him by John Rigby) with which he shot, its great flat trajectory for around two kilometers, its 131 grains (11 grams) smokeless powder load and its high sectional density enabling it to mount long and heavy projectiles, along with its huge penetration power and accuracy in long distance shots, made it possible that this bullet was able to kill big pachyderms at much longer ranges ( in some cases up to 600 meters) than other hunters using much more powerful ammunition featuring lesser speed, much higher recoil and much lesser accuracy and penetration at medium and long distances.
Therefore, if the 7 x 57 mm caliber (.275 Rigby) was able to get those results with elephants at medium and long distances, whenever the impact of the bullet was on a vital area, you can imagine its lethal effect on a human being, but with much lesser hitting power and throwing of the victim backwards than with many other more powerful calibers.
Note 2.- During the last twenty years, there have been persons supporting the thesis that the Republican soldier on the tree in frame 6 was on a watching mission, which is not true.
This understandable error was due to the fact that in the image of the Republican soldier climbed on a tree (negative number 6) a triangular elongated and in shadow area can be seen, whose border is lit and it can be mistaken for a pair of binoculars.
But the great darkroom craftsman Csiki Weisz, fully aware about the significance of Mackie lines, after receiving the Teruel 35 mm film rolls exposed by Capa almost three quarters of a century ago, used concentrated high acutance Agfa Rodinal developer, which made possible to increase the sharpness of the border effects inherent to the 35 mm format Agfa panchromatic film exposed by Bob in Teruel, so Emerico Imre Weisz achieved to create the best feasible 35 mm negative along with its contact, getting top contours definition and discernment of details at the Capa Atelier in 37, rue Frondivaux, Paris.
Thanks to it, 75 years later, the selective enlargement of that area of the picture reveals that what could easily thought to be watching the complete photograph as a pair of binoculars hanging from the neck and located on the Republican soldier chest by his left hand, is really the right lapel of the soldier coat.
Copyright Text: José Manuel Serrano Esparza. Leica Historical Society of America.
Inscribed in the Territorial Register of the Intellectual Property of Madrid
Other articles on Robert Capa:
ROBERT CAPA, CHINA 1938: FIRST KODACHROME WAR PHOTOGRAPHIES IN HISTORY
ROBERT CAPA´S FIRST LEICA SOLD DURING THE HISTORICAL 22ND WESTLICHT CAMERA AUCTION
SPANISH VERSION
During the last weeks there has been a curious debate focused on the Pepe Pásame Los Alicates (Pepe, Hand Me The Pliers !) Hypothesis regarding a famous picture made by Robert Capa in the outskirts of Teruel of a Republican soldier who was killed on a tree while he was repairing the cables of a telephone line, and according to which it is flatly stated that the man appearing in the image is alive, which is not true.
IMPORTANT ASPECTS
Photo: Robert Capa. © Cornell Capa Estate / ICP / Magnum
Until the photographic exhibition The Mexican Suitcase at the International Center of Photography in New York ( which was held between September 24, 2010 and May 8, 2011), this was the only known picture of the three taken by Capa by the aforementioned tree in that place in the outskirts of Teruel in late December 1937, and it has been published with very good wisdom for the last twenty-seven years by different editorials featuring an outstanding international prestige in the photographic scope, such as Alfred A. Knopf with its book Robert Capa: Photographs (year 1985), Aperture with its book Capa: Cara a Cara (year 1999), Phaidon Press with its book Robert Capa: The Definitive Collection (year 2001), and more recently Lunwerg with its book La Guerra Civil Española: Imágenes para la Historia (September 2011) and others, without forgetting some works that were greatly out of print, like Robert Capa: Cuadernos de la Guerra Civil en España (1936-1939) edited in 1987 by Alfonso el Magnánimo Editions of the Valencian Institution os Studies and Research and recently put on sale by Kowasa Bookshop.
But the catalogue book The Mexican Suitcase published by ICP/Steidl, which began to be sold in September 2010 at the International Center of Photography in New York during the premiere exhibition La Maleta Mexicana held there, showed for the first time the other two pictures made by Capa next to the quoted tree and corresponding to the Agfa 35 mm roll film with 36 exposures with which he took those three photographs and other twenty-one more in other different locations both in the outskirts and urban area of Teruel city, with the two last negatives (numbers 28 and 29) exposed in Plaza del Torico.
Besides, both the three pictures made by Capa next to the tree and the other twenty-one he gets afterwards in different locations of the outskirts and built-up Teruel were displayed as 35 mm contacts on the walls of the ICP New York during the first worldwide exhibition of The Mexican Suitcase (September 24, 2010-May 8, 2011) and the Musée Départemental Arles Antique during the second worldwide exhibition of it held during the Rencontres Photographiques d´Arles (July 4-September 18, 2011),
Detail of the 35 mm contact sheet (with a total of 24 frames) with negatives 4, 5 and 6 exposed by Capa in a location of the outskirts of Teruel between December 21-24, 1937 and present on the wall of one of the rooms of the Musée Départamental Arles Antique during the exhibition La Valise Mexicaine held in that city during the second worldwide exhibition of it within the Rencontres Photographiques d´Arles (France) 2011. Photo: José Manuel Serrano Esparza
as a contact sheet corresponding to the b & w Agfa panchromatic 35 mm film roll and 36 frames used by Capa to expose the twenty-four negatives of that spool found as different disorderly negative strips in the Mexican Suitcase in 2007.
It is the Agfa 35 mm film roll number 111, corresponding to the Battle of Teruel and exposed by Capa in late December 1937, though the true expert in Capa Richard Whelan knew with higher accuracy the approximate date of December of that year in which Capa could take the picture of the Republican soldier killed on the tree, as we´ll see later.
Therefore, the negative of the picture that has been known for many decades, and in which the Republican soldier killed on the tree appears, is the frame number 6 of the first strip of negatives of the 35 mm and 36 exposures film, while the other two (frames 4 and 5) are respectively the two previous ones that he makes in that same place and that have known for more than a year.
That´s to say, Capa only takes three photographs of the Republican soldier climbed on the tree, of which precisely the last one (frame number 6) is the one already known since the time of Spanish Civil War (it appeared in Regards on January 13, 1938 and in Life on January, 24 of the same year), after which Capa doens´t make any more pictures in that location, something very strange bearing in mind his professional career and his way of getting photographs, and very important for the study of this famous picture, such as we´ll see soon.
On the other hand, the existence of the original captions made by Capa as to the different photographs made by him in Aragón Front without any reference made by him on the killed Republican soldier appearing in the image, doesn´t automatically mean at all that he is alive.
As a matter of fact, he is dead or mortally wounded very few seconds before dying.
A REAL DEATH
Since January 1938 in which the photograph was published by Regards and Life, it is known that the Republican soldier on the tree was repairing the telephone cables visible in the image, when suddenly, he was shot, something that has also been explained in different books published since early eighties on Robert Capa, albeit the hypothesis of electrocution defended by ICP on page 283 of the quoted two volume catalogue book can´t be 100% excluded.
It isn´t less certain that Magnum Agency, Richard Whelan and Cornell Capa always stated with utter conviction and discernment that the Republican soldier appearing on a tree (the only one of the three made by Capa in this spot known until a year ago, and in which his comrade doesn´t turn up) is dead as a consequence of a rifle shot made by a Francoist soldier performing as a sniper, which has turned out to be the truth as we´ll see later.
On the other hand, in the further two negatives (frames 4 and 5, known and seen by thousands of people all over the world for a year) that Capa exposes of the Republican soldier climbed on a tree, there are some very significant differential sides regarding the number 6 negative, which is the last picture made by Capa in this place.
a) In the negative number 4
Photo: Robert Capa. © Cornell Capa Estate / ICP / Magnum
we can see a comrade of the Republican soldier who is on the tree. This second soldier is standing beside the tree, while the man who is climbed on it, is trying to mend the cables of the telephone line. And next to the feet of this second soldier there´s a telephone cable bobbin (barely perceptible, because it sports a dark colour and is within shadow area)
Capa takes this picture from a perpendicular position to both Republican soldiers. We see that the soldier on the tree is leaning his legs, bottom and back on some thick branches, and his position is a natural one for a man working with the cables, so his body is rather bent down.
You can see part of the telephone wire of the bobbin protruding under one of the feet of the soldier on the tree, while his comrade (appearing standing, sideways and with his right arm a bit folded towards the rangefinder 35 mm Contax II camera and non coated Carl Zeiss Jena 5 cm f/2 lens with which Capa takes the picture) is looking at the ground, with his eyes staring at the lower right area of the frame and both of his hands inside the pockets (due to the temperature of approximately -10º C existing in Teruel at those instants) and maybe momentarily thinking about something.
Two tense telephone cables can likewise be discerned, departing from the center of the frame left border and describing a slightly ascending trajectory until converging in the tree on which the Republican soldier is, while another tense cable can be seen describing a descending path and going from this tree to a second tree appearing on the right of the frame.
b) In the negative number 5,
Photo: Robert Capa. © Cornell Capa Estate / ICP / Magnum
we see that Capa has moved to get the picture from a different angle, while the Republican soldier goes on climbed on the tree working with the cables and now he is captured wholly from behind, so we can only glimpse his winter coat and his left arm grabbing a thick branch on which he is looking for another supporting point (the main leaning points go on being the thick branch on which the backside rests, the thick branch on which the right foot rests and the thick branch on which the lower area of left thigh and calf are leant, although it all is hidden by the soldier coat).
The tree with the soldier on it appears on the left half of the frame, while his comrade is now visible also standing, but much sharper, both his face features and his winter clothes (even the buttons of his garment can be made out). He is looking at his comrade climbed on the tree while he works with the cables.
This second soldier continues with his two hands inside his pockets (now both of his wrists are perfectly visible).
A rural stone made house with some doors and windows can be seen in the background.
And now we can observe the dark colour bobbin with telephone cable on the ground by the feet of the second Republican soldier with a much higher level of detail, along with a some meters stretch of telephone wire ascending from the bobbin to the tree branches and falling on the other side.
A further tense telephone cable going from just under the coat of the Republican soldier working on the tree up to the right border of the negative can be seen, in the same way as two other telephone wires which go from the tree to the center of the left border of the frame, describing a descending trajectory.
Though we can´t see the face of the Republican soldier on the tree, bearing in mind his posture (grabbing a thick branch with his left arm, with his body bent down, and because of it the back of his head not visible over his coat), it is apparent that this man - in the same way as happens in the negative number 4- is still alive and working with the cables, while his comrade watches him.
c) In the negative number 6 (the most famous of the three photographs, and in which Capa captures the Republican soldier on the tree, but now his comrade doesn´t appear in the frame)
Photo: Robert Capa. © Cornell Capa Estate / ICP / Magnum
we see that the position of the Republican soldier climbed on the tree is utterly different to the one depicted in the negatives 4 and 5, because now he isn´t bent down working with cables, but pulling from a telephone wire (which can bee seen in the image departing from the upper area of the left border of the frame) grabbed with his right hand, when suddenly he has been shot by an enemy bullet that has killed him, and he has remained in an exceedingly forced position, with his back very leaned backwards and his head even more.
This soldier goes on with a good percentage of his body resting on his right foot - leaned on a thick branch of the tree- and though unlike the two previous pictures, his left leg is now hanging from the tree, the lower area of the left thigh is also leant on a thick branch, and his backside is likewise resting on another thick branch concealed by the soldier coat.
This position in which appears the Republican soldier on the tree in negative 6 is excessively forced and rigid, too bent backwards, with the risk of breaking the branches on which the back and upper right arm rest, since though they are thick, they feature a much lesser width than the ones supporting the weight of his right foot, lower area of the left thigh and bottom.
Evidently, the Pepe Pásame Los Alicates (Pepe Give Me The Pliers!) Hypothesis must be discarded, because this man is with his face excessively towards the sky and if he were asking for a tool to his standing comrade by the tree, he would look downward.
On the other hand, if a man climbs on a tree with the aim of repairing a telephone cable, the normal thing would be he took the pliers or any other tool inside his pockets, to have everything handy.
But besides, the position is very rigid and agonic, full of stress, the soldier has his eyes wide open with evident countenance of shock, and his left hand appears grasping a branch of the tree, while his right hand grabs a stretch of cable (which is visible with a descending path, beginning in the upper left border of the frame, reaching the right hand of the soldier - who holds a little portion of it- and then continues in a descending trajectory, bent by gravity).
The countenance of this man doesn´t correspond at all to a person who is asking for a pair of pliers or any other thing.
Moreover, in one of the selective enlargements we´ve made, it can be also watched that the right hand of the soldier who grabs this little stretch of telephone cable from which he was pulling, is not governed by the will of the soldier any more, has remained practically inert or with its last grasping strengths after the man has been shot (or electrocuted, a hypothesis that can´t be 100% excluded) and leaned on a branch of the tree being thicker than could be thought in the beginning on watching the entire picture, with the hand fingers bent inwards and the telephone wire still grabbed between two of them (ring finger and medium one ).
That´s the reason for which the telephone wire appears still tense.
It can also be visually checked in these two selective enlargements of the right hand grabbing the telephone cable - which appears in dark colour- that the grasping strength of this man has greatly decreased and the wire that highly probably he had initially held in the middle area of separation between the ring finger and medium finger up to the knuckles with his closed hand and surely with more fingers providing further grabbing under it, is now beyond the upper extreme of the knuckles of ring finger and medium finger, about to loose, instead of being on a closer position with respect to the joint of both fingers, as they would be very probably before the shot, and which fosters the grasping much more.
On the other hand, his mouth is excessively open, in the same way as his eyes, with a clear gesture of unexpected pain and shock.
And besides, in two of the reframings we´ve made, it can be clearly seen that as a consequence of the impact of the bullet, which has thrown backwards his upper half of the body, specially his head, his cap has remained somewhat removed on his head, with approximately a 40% of its top area (left zone) without covering, which is very strange, since temperature in the outskirts of Teruel at those moments was approximately -10º C, so if the soldier were alive, his cap would appear firmly tight on his head to protect him from the cold on top of the tree during the minutes he needed to mend the telephone cables.
Therefore, because of all the previously quoted reasons, this image, unlike the previous two ones (negatives 4 and 5) doesn´t correspond at all to an alive man who is working, but to a man who has died or is mortally wounded and with his last stamina within very few second before dying because of an enemy bullet shot by a Francoist soldier performing as a sniper with a 7 x 57 mm Mauser rifle while the Republican soldier was pulling from the telephone wire.
It is very difficult to know with certainty if the picture was taken by Capa just after the Republican soldier on the tree was shot, or some seconds later or even some minutes later.
But bearing in mind Capa´s way of making pictures, his great speed of movements and accuracy in the timing on pressing the shutter realease button of the camera, and the fact that we know the negative number 7 (the following one, made in another location of the outskirts of Teruel), there is a much higher possibility that Capa got the picture just after hearing the shot and the cry of the Republican soldier on being shot, and then quickly took shelter to avoid further risks, in the same way as highly probably did the rest of the soldiers and perhaps some officers that surely were in that location, some meters away and who don´t appear in the three photographs made by Capa in this place.
On the other hand, if Capa got the picture with his usual great quickness, just after hearing the shot and the cry of the Republican soldier on the tree on being pierced by the bullet - which is the most probable thing- there´s a very high possibility that the man appearing in the image has just been shot and is mortally wounded, with his last energies, instinctively going on grabbing the telephone wire with his right hand - which he can´t avoid it slowly falls on the branch and leans on it just after losing grasping strength-, which keeps its tension, while with his left hand he is grabbing another branch, preserving a forced balance, feasible because his right leg, lower area of his left thigh and backside are resting on very thick branches of the tree.
NEW EVIDENCE CONFIRM THE TRUTHFULNESS OF MAGNUM AGENCY CAPTION REGARDING THE PHOTOGRAPH
Once more, the 205 superb master enlargements in 38.8 x 48.8 cm made by Teresa Engle Moreno on baryta paper from copy negatives of 35 mm contacts of pictures made by Robert Capa during the Spanish Civil War and donated by Cornell Capa to the Reina Sofía National Museum and Art Center of Madrid in 1999, have been very important to thoroughly analyze the image of the Republican soldier on the tree, which was one of the photographs selected by the New York ICP that year for such collection.
More than twelve years have already elapsed since Richard Whelan, with difference the greatest expert on Capa of all time, pronounced his mythical lecture in the Reina Sofía Museum and Art Center that unforgettable May 25, 1999 in the CARS, where he displayed his fairly deep knowledge on him, in an act in which Irme Schaber, top world expert on Gerda Taro, was also present.
It was Cornell Capa himself who asked Teresa Engle Moreno the making of these large size copies on photographic black and white paper.
One of them was this one showing a Republican soldier on a tree and killed by a bullet shot by a Francoist soldier performing as a sniper while he was repairing some telephone wires.
Photo: Robert Capa. © ICP New York
The quality and level of detail of this copy - in the same way as happens with the other 201- is so big, including the most difficult to render high key and low key areas, that we have been able to make enlargements of specific areas of the image practically enabling to assure that the Republican soldier appearing on the tree (negative number 6 of the Number 111 35 mm film roll of The Mexican Suitcase) is dead or mortally wounded before dying.
It´s truly fascinating that though Capa made the photograph between December 21-24 1937 - id est, nothing less than 74 years ago- with Agfa panchromatic nitrate film featuring a sensitiveness of around Weston 40 (approximately ISO 32) and rather visible grain, the very good acutance of such a black and white emulsion of the Number 111 Agfa 35 mm film roll (enhanced to the utmost because the development was made using Agfa Rodinal in a 1+50 dilution at 24º C during 8 minutes in a Leitz Correx Cordo tank by Csiki Weisz, who knew well both the excellent sharpness of contours and great level of discerning of details along with the gorgeous contrast control applied to the final obtained negative by this concentrated liquid) and the prowess of the world class printer Teresa Engle Moreno ( who made many copies of Capa´s photographs, Life Pictures Collections, was master printer and teacher at the ICP New York for sixteen years and has often imparted classes in the Rencontres Photographiques d´Arles), who made the enlargement of the picture of the Republican soldier on the tree from a copy negative done with the original 35 mm contact made by Csiki Weisz on December 25-26 1937 with a Leitz Focomat 1 VIWOO Model 1934 enlarger, using the original Agfa 24 x 36 mm negative exposed by Capa in Teruel - a contact which is included in the collection of more than 70,000 contacts of Capa´s pictures held in the archives of the ICP- enable to distinguish a remarkable level of detail in the selective enlargements of small areas of the image taken in the outskirts of Teruel.
THE NEGATIVE NUMBER 7: ANOTHER ALMOST DEFINITIVE EVIDENCE
Thanks to ICP New York and his excellent two volume book The Mexican Suitcase, edited by ICP / STEIDL, and fruit of the great and historical work and effort made for three years by Cynthia Young (Assistant Curator of ICP New York), Kristen Lubben (Associate Curator of ICP New York) and Brian Wallis (Chief Curator of ICP New York) classifying and putting everything in order - along with many more things that have also been decisive-, we´ve known for a year the negatives of both the two previous photographs (frames numbers 4 and 5) made by Capa before the one of the Republican soldier killed on the tree (frame number 6) while he was mending some telephone wires , and also the twenty-one more negatives belonging to the same Number 111 35 mm Agfa film roll and exposed by Robert Capa in other completely different places of both built-up Teruel and the outskirts of the city
Photo: Robert Capa. © Cornell Capa Estate / ICP / Magnum
The negative number 7 was exposed by Capa in another different area of Teruel outskirts and five people appear in it (five Republican soldiers - two of whom are holding Mauser rifles Model 1916 7 x 57 mm caliber in their hands- and a man clad in a dark coloured garment, a thick black scarf and black beret, who could be an officer) advancing across a long sloped way, while some more Republican soldiers and officers - two of them chatting - can be seen in the background.
This number 7 contact is hugely important, since it proves without any doubt that negative number 6 (the image in which you can see the Republican soldier climbed on the tree -with his comrade not appearing in the frame- and in a very forced and stressful position, highly bent backwards, with the danger that the tree branches on which his back are leant can break, and with his eyes and face gesture showing a lot of shock) is the last picture made by Capa in that location.
And the fact that Capa doesn´t make more photographs in this point is very strange, above all in we bear in mind his way of taking pictures and his professional career.
Evidently, if the Republican soldier dead on the tree in negative 6 was asking his comrade a tool (pliers or anything else), Capa would have undoubtedly got the picture of the moment in which the second soldier standing by the tree hands him such hypothetical tool, because Bob was always highly aware of capturing the representative instants, a constant attitude in his coverage of the Spanish Civil War since he arrived in Spain on August 5, 1936.
As a matter of fact, Capa made big efforts to photograph those moments between August 1936 and late May 1937, because during that period he used a Leica III (Model F) 1933-1939 with a non coated Leitz Summar 5 cm f/2 and a Leica II (Model D) with Elmar 5 cm f/3.5 lens - the latter property of Csiki Weisz, who lent it to Capa and Taro from mid November 1936-, rangefinder cameras sporting different little windows for the RF and the viewfinder, so the photographer had to firstly focus and then frame.
Capa made a lot of representative pictures in different front of the Spanish Civil War during his ten first months of stay in Spain, though the camera he wore, because of the aforementioned reasons, greatly slowed his production and style of taking pictures, based on the maximum possible speed, the very fast movements thanks to his rather good natural athletic condition and a great accuracy in the timing when pressing the shutter realease button of the camera to capture the important moments.
But in early May 1937, there was a meeting in the desk of Henry Luce, owner and editor of Life and Time Inc., on the 31st floor of 48th Street of New York, between him and Wilson Hicks (Executive Editor), Daniel Longwell (Executive Editor), John Shaw Billings (Manager Editor) and Edward K. Thompson ( Wilson´s Hicks right-hand man since 1937 and the best picture editor of them all, to such an extent that sometimes, if there was time pressure, he was able to choose the best images of a number of Alfred Eisenstaedt´s 35 mm film rolls in the darkroom looking at the still wet with sodium tiosulphate fixer negatives) in which they agreed to give their maximum support to Robert Capa by means of Richard de Rochemont, Director of Time Life Inc. in Europe, whose main office was in Paris, for Life magazine was highly interested in being sent as many meaningful pictures of the Spanish Civil War as possible made by Capa.
In that meeting it was also decided that Richard de Rochemont - who was likewise director of the cinematographic series The March of Time- would hand over Capa an Eyemo 35 mm movie camera and a new 35 mm rangefinder Contax II photographic camera with Carl Zeiss Jena Sonnar 5 cm f/2 lens in order that he could increase his working speed and photographic yield as much as feasible.
And it happened that way in the meeting held by Robert Capa and Richard de Rochemont in Paris between May 20-25 1937. From that moment on, Capa stopped using his Leica III (Model F) 1933-1939, changing to a Contax II with a non coated Carl Zeiss Jena Sonnar 5 cm f/2, with which he got a lot of representative pictures, working much more comfortably, since as well as not having to separately focus and frame, the 90 mm rangefinder baselength with a magnification of 0.75x of the Contax II provided a much higher speed and focusing accuracy, it was a much lesser proned to misalignments RF and on the other hand, the loading and unloading of film in the Contax II was much easier than with the Leica III, thanks to its removable back.
If we keep it all in mind, it is exceedingly queer that if the Republican soldier appearing on the tree in the negative number 6 is alive and asking his comrade for pliers or any other tool, either precisely at that moment or some seconds later, Capa didn´t take the picture just at the instant in which he is being given it, because he has a much adequate camera to do it quickly than the Leica III he used between August 1936 and early May 1937 and with which he always paid top attention to photograph that kind of representative moments.
Capa would have tried to get the picture of the instant in which the standing soldier by the tree passes the pliers or any other tool to the soldier who is on the table with any camera he had had handy, even a Kodak Brownie.
But truth is that such an instant didn´t exist. There wasn´t any handing over of pliers or any other tool to the Republican soldier depicted in negative number 6, which is clearly dead or mortally wounded very few seconds before dying.
The negative number 7 categorically proves, without margin for doubt, that frame number 6 is the last picture taken by Capa at that spot and that the soldier appearing climbed on the tree isn´t asking anything to his companion (as clearly proved by the selective enlargements we have made), but dead because of a 7 x 57 mm caliber bullet (the most commonly used by the Francoist side and from a military viewpoint featuring excellent ballistic qualities, to such an extent that it became sadly famous, in the same way as its ´pac´ sound of impact, for being able to accurately kill up to distances of 1000 and 1200 meters) made by a Francoist soldier from a long distance, leaning the Mauser 1893 Model long barrel rifle or Mauser 1916 mosquetón on a firm base.
IMPOSSIBILITY THAT CAPA DOESN´T TAKE ANY MORE PICTURES IN THE LOCATION WHERE HE EXPOSES THE NEGATIVES 4, 5 AND 6 BECAUSE HE HAS GOT LITTLE FILM AND HE WANTS TO BE SPARING WITH IT
It is true that during the second half of thirties photographic film was scarce and expensive, above all the 35 mm one, which was then deemed as the ´small format´.
Both Capa and Gerda Taro had some problems for getting film between August 1936 and July 1937.
But in December 1937, this didn´t almost affect Capa, already a very recognized photographer, working among other media for Life magazine (the most important in the world then, with a huge economical power and influence), Regards (one of the best French magazines), The Illustrated London News (one of the most influential British newspapers), Schweizer Illustrierte Zeitung (a top-notch quality illustrated Swiss magazine resembling the Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung), Weekly Illustrated and Ce Soir, and he was very well stocked with film through four main sources:
a) Richard de Rochemont, to whom Henry Luce himself had ordered in mid December 1937 to send abundant 35 mm film by plane to Robert Capa, because Life (which had started his relationship with Bob publishing in late December 1936 some of the pictures that he had made in Madrid during the two last weeks of November and first week of December of that year) wanted to put top effort in the photographic coverage of Teruel battle.
Rochemont (who had a bank account opened in Paris by Henri Luce to pay all the outlays that could arise) was in contact with the Agfa Gevaert factories at Mortsel and Amberes (Belgium) through Hendrik Kuijpers (Technical Director) and R.G.Tritsmans (Engineering Head), along with the big German factory of the industrial conglomerate I.G.Farben at Wolfen, and also with some distributors of Agfa film in the French capital.
And following Luce´s instructions, Rochemont sent Valencia by plane during the third week of September 1937 a significant quantity of spools of Belgian Agfa Gevaert 35 mm film, German Agfa 35 mm film and Kodak Nitrate SS Panchro 35 mm film (earlier, when he was less famous, he had used Eastman Kodak panchromatic nitrate 35 mm cinema film lacking frames numbering and introduced in chassis of different length, which was cheaper), knowing that Capa would begin taking pictures in Teruel on December 21, 1937, as it happened (Bob went on going daily to Teruel departing from Valencia from that day until December 24, 1937, travelling then to Barcelona, where he stayed until January 2, 1937, when he came back to the city of Teruel, which abandoned for ever on the night of December 3, 1937, returning to Paris - two weeks later, on January 21,1938, he sailed from Marseilles together with John Fernhout on board of the ship Aramis bounding for China, where he arrived on February 16, 1938, staying in that country until September 22, 1938).
And when Capa came back from Teruel to Valencia with his exposed 35 mm rolls, the plane took them to Paris (in an operation financed by Henry Luce with his own wherewithal and which was fulfilled with utter secrecy), where Csiki Weisz developed them.
Capa had been using this system above all since May 12, 1937, when he took on board of a 8 cylinder engine Packard 120 car the 35 mm rolls he had exposed during the Battle of Monte Sollube to Lamiako Airport, located in the outskirts of Bilbao, where a plane was waiting for him, and its pilot flew to Biarritz, sending the exposed 35 mm rolls through urgent certified mail to Paris, where they were picked up by Csiki Weisz, who developed them, made the contacts and sent the best pictures to Ce Soir, which published a comprehensive reportage.
b) Regards French magazine, which had been buying photographs from Capa for a lot of months. Regards editors were very happy with the picture essays they had published including pictures made by Capa in different fronts of the Spanish Civil War, that had made them outstandingly increase their publication sales (above all thanks to the great reportage published in the number 10 of December 1936 titled La Capitale Crucifiee, with excellent layout made by the artist Édouard Pignon, art director of the magazine) and they also sent frequently film to Bob.
Not in vain, Regards had been the publication which had sent Capa to Madrid as a photojournalist in two different trips by himself: the first between November 18 and December 5, 1936 and the other one in January, only being a pair of days in the latter.
c) Leon Daniel, director of Pix Photographic Agency in New York, who had hired Capa during his trip to New York in October 1937.
Bob wasn´t satisfied with the results of Black Star Agency which had previously represented him in United States, so he decided to work for Leon Daniel, who was besides the brother of his friend Henri Daniel, that had been one of his first agents in Paris since 1935.
On the other hand, Capa managed to convince Leon Daniel to also hire his brother Cornell as an agency darkroom assistant - Cornell had already experience in such scope, because during the second half of June and July of 1936, he had worked in Paris as an apprentice of the Hungarian photographer Emeric Fehér, and at the same time, he made copies on paper of pictures taken by Bandi in the bathroom of a room he hired in the Hötel de Blois which had been turned into a darkroom.
Moreover, Capa also managed to get that Leon Daniel gave employment to his friend Ladislaus Glück - who had been Simon Guttman´s financial director and creative assistant in early thirties and had helped Bob in 1931 during his stage in Dephot Berlin- as a writer of picture captions.
d) Csiki Weisz, a great friend of Capa since his childhood in Budapest and his darkroom man in Paris. Weisz lived and spent a lot of daily hours in the darkroom of Capa Attelier in rue Frondivaux, 37, Paris -where Bob had moved in early 1937- developing his 35 mm film rolls, and unlike 1934, 1935 and 1936 when they got through frequent economical problems, their incomes had greatly increased since February 1937, Capa sold pictures to many different important illustrated magazines and he had already hired Csiki Weisz with a fixed salary, paying him a monthly percentage of the earnings.
Weisz was a highly methodical and disciplined man, sporting a remarkable manual skill, and a top-notch film developer and printer, deeply knowing both the features of the chemical b & w emulsions used by Capa and his style of getting pictures. He was also a great admirer of Capa, both as a human being and as a photographer. Once the 35 mm film rolls exposed by Capa arrived in Paris, Weisz developed them and made the contacts and necessary copies, likewise often carrying out the sending of the most representative photographs to the most important and best paying media.
Csiki Weisz sent as much film as he could - bought in Paris- to Capa through certified mail, wherever he was.
IT IS NOT TRUE THAT THERE WEREN´T FRANCOIST TROOPS ON THE AREA AT THOSE MOMENTS
Also according to the Hipothesis of Pepe Pásame Los Alicates (Pepe Hand Me The Pliers !), ´it is impossible that the Republican soldier on the tree was shot by an enemy sniper, because at those moments there weren´t Francoist troops in the zone´, which is utterly uncertain.
Evidently, between December 21-24 1937, when Capa makes the picture, Republican troops hold a sway over both inside the city of Teruel (where only the approximately 4,000 men of colonel Rey d´Harcourt - Francoist 52th Division- resist in various strongholds, specially in the Palacio de la Gobernación and in the Seminary) and its outskirts.
The offensive planned by general Vicente Rojo and Hernández Saravia - knowing that Franco had a total of twelve divisions concentrated from Jalón Valley to Medinaceli, and also in Guadalajara province since early December of 1937 to try launching the definitive attack on Madrid- attains the necessary surprise factor and is successful because of the overwhelming numerical superiority (60,000 attacking Republican soldiers against roughly 4,000 Francoist defenders), the compelling need of offering a victory to the public opinion and the thrust of an already highly experienced Enrique Líster, who - in the same way as had happened in Brunete five months and a half before- is the one breaking the front on December 15, 1937 with his 11th Division, until conquering the village of Concud- 6 km on the northwest of Teruel city- and its surrounding hills.
At the same time, the XVIII Republican Army Corps (34 and 64 Divisions) under the command of colonel Fernández-Heredia, advances across the south towards the city, putting the Francoist defenders of Puerto Escandón (around 16 km in the southeast of Teruel) to flight, to such an extent that on December 17, 1937, both units contact each other and complete the pincer movement on Teruel, which is wholly encircled by abundant Republican troops equipped with 400 cannons, 100 T-26 and BT-5 tanks and around 120 aircraft as an aerial support.
On its turn, the center of the Republican onslaught is performed by the XX Army Corps under the command of lieutenant colonel Leopoldo Menéndez, while the right wing of the Republican attack is made up by a column of more than 16,000 men and 15,000 more in reserve, they all under the command of colonel Juan Ibarrola.
Líster and Fernández-Heredia decide to quickly attack the Muela of Teruel, a hill located on the west of the city (and featuring a huge strategic significance, since you can dominate Teruel with artillery from it), which is speedily attained, with the city being finally captured on December 18, 1937 by the Republican 34 Division.
Thousands and thousands of Republican soldiers go on arriving at the outskirts of Teruel, and the percentage of Francoist soldiers in the outer perimeter of the city are suffering heavy casualties and are about to be routed, so colonel Domingo Rey D´Harcourt decides to withdraw his men to the urban area of the city, setting up a house by house battle, striving after slowing the Republican victory as much as possible and trying to gain time for the Francoist reinforcements to arrive, in such a way that the following day, the Republican forces attack in the zones of football ground - captured by the 34th Division- and the cemetery, already almost touching the built-up area of Teruel.
From December 19, 1937, Francoist troops under the command of general Aranda (81th and 84th Francoist Divisions) arrive at the outskirts of Teruel, but their effectives are not enough to be able to break the siege, so they devote themselves to watch the enemy positions in the outskirts of Teruel (so as to look for breach points through which to attack in mid term and try to break the siege when further reinforcements arrive) and to hinder the telegraph and telephone communications of the siegers with the outer areas as much as possible, because it is very important for Franco to avoid by all means the real time communication of the Republican high commanders sieging Teruel with Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia.
Between 19 and the night of December 20, 1937, the Republican XX Army Corps conquers the Francoist positions in Puerto Escandón and Castralvo.
El Campesino - once the way has been previously cleared by Líster´s 11th Division, colonel Fernández-Heredia´s XVIII Army Corps and general Walter´s 35th Division- strikes through the central area, endeavouring to reach the Plaza del Torico as soon as possible, which he doesn´t manage to achieve due to the Numantine defense made by colonel Rey D´Harcourt, who has been given the order to fight to the death if necessary by Franco.
But on December 22, the Republican troops manage to force their way up to the Plaza del Torico, which is captured after a massive use of ordnance and attacks with T-26 and BT-5 tanks.
From that moment on, the fight becomes even more fierce, and colonel Rey D´Harcourt´s contingents of Francoist troops retreat to the south of the city with the aim of keeping on delaying the advance of Republican troops as much as possible, fortified inside the Hotel Aragón, the Civil Government building, the Seminary, the Bank of Spain and the Santa Clara convent, waiting for Francoist reinforcements.
Teruel turns into a small scale Stalingrad, soldiers of both sides fight house by house and the Republican troops are bound to steadily use artillery, hand grenades and dynamite to be able to surrender the Francoist defenders, shelling building by building.
Casualties in both sides are very heavy.
Capa arrives in Teruel on December 21, 1937 at first hour in the morning. He gets a lot of pictures of Republican soldiers and officials, with a very cold temperature of -10º C and he comes back to Valencia in the evening, with his first exposed 35 mm film rolls of Teruel Battle.
The following day, Capa makes contact in Valencia with Ernest Hemingway, the American journalist Herbert Matthews (reporter of the New York Times and a personal friend of Robert Capa) and the British journalist Dennis Sefton Delmer (head of the Paris office of The Daily Telegraph). The three are also making the daily round trip to Teruel inside Matthew´s car.
From that moment, on December 22, 23 and 24, 1937, Capa makes daily the route Valencia-Teruel / Teruel-Valencia, taking many more pictures in Teruel during the morning and afternoon, and returning in the evening to the Turia capital with the exposed 35 mm film rolls.
On December 24, 1937 in the evening, Capa delivers the package with all of the 35 mm films he has exposed in Teruel during the mornings and afternoons of December 21, 22, 23 and 24 to the pilot of the plane (who has arrived once more in Valencia from Paris, chartered by Richard de Rochemont, fulfilling the mission given to him by Henry Luce -who is the person really financing the whole project with his own wherewithal-) for the pilot to take them to the French capital and deliver to Csiki Weisz for its development and contacts.
Then, Capa travels by car to Barcelona with Ernest Hemingway, Herbert Matthews and Dennis Sefton Delmer, to spend the Christmas Eve in the Condal City.
Just the following day after the arrival of Capa in Barcelona, Vicente Rojo (Head of the Republican High Command) travels from Teruel to Barcelona, and shortly after, he returns to Madrid, a piece of news that arrives at the Francoist high commanders, who take the opportunity to try to break the siege of Teruel on December 29, 1937, by means of a great offensive made by generals Varela and Aranda, during which major García Valiño and major Muñoz Grandes (other two Francoist high commanders with a lot of years of experience in battle in the Spanish Army of Africa), in spite of not having abundant effectives, conquer La Muela, and from there they have Teruel at their artillery reach, but a night counterattack made by the 70th Republican division under the command of Nilamón Toral Azcona makes them step back, though García Valiño recovers the position twenty-four hours later in the middle of a bloodshed in which every advanced meter means dozens of killed soldiers.
Casualties go on being very heavy on both sides. The Republican forces greatly dominate the situation, but there´s the possibility that Francoist troops try to once again focus their assaults on specific points to break the siege, so Vicente Rojo decides to come back to Teruel on December 31, 1937.
Capa and the three journalists go on being in Barcelona, where they have spent the Christmas Eve, Christmas Day and December 31 of 1937, the last day of the year. They have witnessed between December 21-24, 1937 the success of the Republican attack and the victory that was about to be achieved, with the whole conquest of Teruel, because only the last Francoist redoubts remained to be captured.
Suddenly, on January 1, 1938, when Capa , Hemingway Matthews and Sefton Delmer are still in Barcelona, they are reported that a great mess has arisen regarding what is happening in Teruel, because Fracoist radio broadcast stations and newspapers are telling that Francoist troops have recaptured the city of Teruel.
The four of them become astonished. That is impossible, because only seven days before, almost the whole city was in Republican hands and they were about to conquer the last buildings with colonel Rey D´ Harcourt´s effectives inside.
Stress does increase continuously. They know it can´t be true, but in those instants, everybody in Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia has doubts. It´s impossible to know what is really happening in Teruel.
Reality is that Franco has decided to try to break the siege, but he hasn´t reconquered Teruel at all ( he won´t be able to capture it again until February 22, 1938, during the Alfambra offensive).
Francoist generals Varela and Aranda have attempted to try the siege on December 29 and 30, finding an exceedingly strong Republican resistance, and on December 31, 1937, they have managed to reach La Muela by dint of heavy casualties.
General Varela is in permanent contact with colonel Yagüe. Both of them know that they need more days to be able to send reinforcements to the area, above all the dreaded elite Barron´s 13th Division and the 5th Division, which is not possible in the short term, due to the great Republican numerical superiority in the area and the very low temperatures and thick snow everywhere, hampering the transport of troops and supplies.
On December 31, 1938, Francoist troops have tried to get a breaking point approaching to the first houses of Teruel and infiltrating up to the railways station of the city.
The temperature is already extremely low, with a thermal feeling of -26º C.
During the night of that December 31, 1937, there´s an impasse moment in which some Republican units make a helter-skelter flight, believing that they were being attacked by en masse reinforcements of the Francoist Army of Africa.
These Francoist troops under the command of Varela and Aranda are still scarce in the area, but have had even the chance of attaining a breakage point and attempting to free the Seminar - stubbornly defended by colonel Barba and some hundred soldiers-, but general Varela convinces Franco to order these troops to come back to their departing points, because the weather forecast announces an exceedingly snowfall and a drop of temperatures up to around -18º C and they haven´t got enough quantity of men to face the unsurmountable Republican superiority in the area, without tabors of Regulares and legionnaries who can perform encircling manoeuvers.
Varela´s forestalling, who is in steady contact with Franco, has enabled to free those infiltrated Francoist forces from a certain death, because since January 1, 1938, Vicente Rojo, a remarkable strategist, on being aware of the incursion of enemy troops, reads perfectly the context, reorganizes the Republican forces in Teruel and launches a massive counterattack which puts the most advanced Francoist troops to flight, making them withdraw to their starting area in La Muela, where they entrench themselves.
The convent of Santa Clara has also fallen on January 1, 1938, with the Francoist defenders inside it having died up to the last man, and Vicente Rojo orders to assault the Comandancia Militar (Command Headquarters) as soon as possible, a task for which he will need two further days.
Franco is reported by Varela that the last defensive strongholds of colonel Rey D´Harcourt in Teruel are about to fall in Republican hands (which will happen on January 8, 1938), and they haven´t got enough forces to launch a successfully guaranteed attack to break the siege against the many Republican divisions present in the area without the help of units of the Army of Africa, specially Fernando Barrón´s 13th Division - which is at those moments in the area of Salinas de Medinaceli (Soria)- and Franco won´t be able to begin his Alfambra offensive until January 17, 1938, which will result in the recapture of Teruel in late February.
The Francoist high commanders need to gain time, so - something common in both sides during the Spanish Civil War- they have chosen to spread the radiophonic and newspaper false rumour of announcing something that isn´t obviously true: the reconquering of Teruel by Francoist troops on January 1, 1938.
But the false piece of news has the desired effect. Besides, telephone and telegraph communications between Teruel and the rest of important Spanish cities have been cut by small contingents of Francoist troops infiltrated through different points and hindering any Republican attempt of laying telephone or telegraph wire.
Truth is that the Republican forces are about to conquer the 100% of urban Teruel (which will take place on January 8, 1938, with the surrendering of the last Francoist defenders and colonel Barba in the Seminar, after the capitulation of colonel Domingo Rey D´Harcourt at the Military Headquarters the day before).
But the city is practically without real time communication, with the telephone and telegraph lines greatly sabotaged in the outskirts.
The false piece of news of the reconquest of Teruel by Francoist troops on January 1, 1938, arrives that same day at Henry Luce himself, who needs to publish the reportage with Capa´s photographs as soon as possible to show a Republican victory in Teruel.
The boss of Life magazine and Time Inc. communicates with Richard de Rochemont and orders him to contact Capa in Barcelona within the shortest feasible time and send him again to Teruel to take new pictures and attest to what is really happening.
This way, Capa is telephoned by Richard de Rochemont, who gives him the new instructions, and sends him more 35 mm films. Life has invested a lot of time, effort and money to get Capa´s reportage at any cost, so they need to verify on the spot what is truly taking place in Teruel.
On the other hand, Richard Whelan states in his biography on Capa that on January 2, 1938, telephone and telegraph communications with Teruel went on cut, so in the morning of that day, Capa and Matthews went out from Barcelona on the latter´s car bound for Teruel, and on arriving at a port located 30 km from the city, they found a huge traffic jam of Republican military vehicles, because from that point on, the road was covered by a half a metre layer of snow, so it took them eight hours to cross the port, until they reached the Port of El Ragudo, then managing to go down to the area of Barracas where they could have dinner with some Republican soldiers.
The following day January 3, 1938, Capa and Matthews discovered that the Francoists had advanced very much and had been attacking the city for some days with their artillery and aircraft, but most of Teruel was still in Republican hands.
Capa made a lot of further photographs during the morning and afternoon of this day, being witness of some of the hardest moments of the battle, above all the frontal attack with grenades and fixed bayonets made by the Republican soldiers on the charred building of the Palace of the Civil Governor, inside whose ruins the last Francoist defenders resisted, after the blowing up of the façade.
Capa returned with Herbert Matthews to Barcelona during the night of that same day, and there he mounted on a plane which took him to Paris, where he delivered all the 35 mm films he had exposed on January 3, 1938 to Csiki Weisz at number 37 of rue Froidevaux, venue of Capa Attelier.
Note 1.- Some persons have stated that ´the Republican soldier appearing on a tree in the negative number 6 can´t have been shot by a rifle bullet, because in that case, ´on being on such a weak support´, he would have fallen on the ground as a consequence of the bullet impact, and so, the soldier depicted in the image is alive´, which is not true.
Aside from the aforementioned different factors and evidence, it is important to know that from a ballistic viewpoint, the 7 x 57 mm caliber doesn´t excel in a tremendous hitting power, but for its great accuracy, very long range and huge penetration power, keeping an exceedingly flat trajectory and a very high speed for the time of 730 m / seg, so in the hands of an experienced shooter (and every Francoist division had many of them, both the Iberian Peninsula units and the one belonging to the Army of Africa, above all the Moroccan soldiers of tabors of Regulares and the legionnaires) using long barrel Model 1893 7 x 57 mm Mauser rifles or Mosquetón Mauser Model 1916 made in Oviedo, was able to accurately kill up to distances of 1000 and even 1200 meters if the gun was leant on a firm base, because they are rifles designed for long distance shooting with a bullet generating scarce recoil, which optimizes accuracy.
During the period 1936-1939, from a military viewpoint, the Mauser rifles shooting this 7 x 57 mm caliber bullets were the best in the world regarding accuracy at medium and long ranges and also as to penetration power, so if it made impact on a vital area, it was hugely lethal and pierced the victim´s body at a great speed.
But it could only be used at such long distances by expert snipers (popularly known as ´pacos´) featuring a lot of combat experience.
It was masively used by both sides during the Spanish Civil War, though it is true that usually the Mauser rifles and mosquetones used by the Francoist Army (above all the Army of Africa units) were in better condition, and besides, a high percentage of the Republoican Army divisions were equipped with Mosin-Nagant calibre 7.62 x 54R rifles, often in bad condition (including Líster´s 11th Division) and featuring a triangular bayonet.
Therefore, the reasons for which the Republican soldier on the tree doesn´t fall from it into the ground is that the 7 x 57 mm caliber bullet kills him on the spot or within very few seconds after the impact, and pierces his body at great speed, but on not being a caliber featuring a great hitting power, the upper half of the Republican soldier body (that´s to say, approximately from waist upwards) is thrown backwards on receiving the shot, but the soldier doesn´t fall down because a great percentage of his weight is resting on thick branches of the tree (backside, right foot and lower area of his left thigh), while his right hand which was pulling from a telephone cable, has remained inert or with its last energy for very few seconds more - which is the most probable-, leant on a thicker branch than could be thought in the beginning.
And as a defensive reaction on feeling the impact of the bullet, the soldier´s left hand has grabbed a thick branch (it can be seen in one of the selective enlargements we´ve made, that there has just been a loss of grabbing strength and only three fingers of the left hand are already grasping the branch, while his upper right arm area and the weight of his body in that zone is supported by another branch mainly in shadow, while his back is held by two V shaped and sunlit very thick branches whose arms reach the left border of the frame and converge on his other extreme near the right shoulder of the soldier, and we also see a lot of other less thick branches helping to hold the soldier body.
It is possible that if the Republican soldier killed or mortally wounded by a 7 x 57 mm bullet would have been hit by a superior caliber and much powerful bullet (both if the projectile impacts on a vital area or not) like the 7.62 x 54R Mosin Nagant or Dragunov, 7.62 x 51 (308 Winchester), 30-06 Springfield, 270 Winchester with 130 grains load, 300 Weatherby Magnum, 338 Lapua Magnum, etc (we won´t mention Nitro-Express ammunition because it belongs to another much more powerful sphere) he would have fallen to the ground - or maybe not, because the soldier has his body leant on some different points of the tree, which have stopped his sudden bending backwards, though of course, such a hypothetical fall would have been more probable, due to the much higher power of these calibers-.
But not with a 7 x 57 mm caliber Mauser bullet, featuring much lesser hitting power and smaller size regarding calibers sporting more power and volume, a reason for which it was chosen nothing less than by the English John Rigby, one of the greatest experts on hunting cartridges of all time, who used it in some of his best rifle designs, changing its name to .275 Rigby caliber, trying to compete in African hunting with nitro-express rifles featuring far superior caliber and hitting power.
The 7 x 57 mm bullet was also very used by the Scottish hunter Karamojo Bell, who between 1902 and 1920 shot a great number of elephants in Africa, which made him always impact on a vital area, because of the much lesser hitting power of 7 x 57 mm caliber in comparison with the nitro-express ammunition often used by the African hunters of the four biggest animals (elephant, rhino, hippo and buffalo), but the scarce recoil of the rifle being an exact copy of the Spanish Mauser model 1893 7 x 57 mm caliber (made for him by John Rigby) with which he shot, its great flat trajectory for around two kilometers, its 131 grains (11 grams) smokeless powder load and its high sectional density enabling it to mount long and heavy projectiles, along with its huge penetration power and accuracy in long distance shots, made it possible that this bullet was able to kill big pachyderms at much longer ranges ( in some cases up to 600 meters) than other hunters using much more powerful ammunition featuring lesser speed, much higher recoil and much lesser accuracy and penetration at medium and long distances.
Therefore, if the 7 x 57 mm caliber (.275 Rigby) was able to get those results with elephants at medium and long distances, whenever the impact of the bullet was on a vital area, you can imagine its lethal effect on a human being, but with much lesser hitting power and throwing of the victim backwards than with many other more powerful calibers.
Note 2.- During the last twenty years, there have been persons supporting the thesis that the Republican soldier on the tree in frame 6 was on a watching mission, which is not true.
This understandable error was due to the fact that in the image of the Republican soldier climbed on a tree (negative number 6) a triangular elongated and in shadow area can be seen, whose border is lit and it can be mistaken for a pair of binoculars.
But the great darkroom craftsman Csiki Weisz, fully aware about the significance of Mackie lines, after receiving the Teruel 35 mm film rolls exposed by Capa almost three quarters of a century ago, used concentrated high acutance Agfa Rodinal developer, which made possible to increase the sharpness of the border effects inherent to the 35 mm format Agfa panchromatic film exposed by Bob in Teruel, so Emerico Imre Weisz achieved to create the best feasible 35 mm negative along with its contact, getting top contours definition and discernment of details at the Capa Atelier in 37, rue Frondivaux, Paris.
Thanks to it, 75 years later, the selective enlargement of that area of the picture reveals that what could easily thought to be watching the complete photograph as a pair of binoculars hanging from the neck and located on the Republican soldier chest by his left hand, is really the right lapel of the soldier coat.
Copyright Text: José Manuel Serrano Esparza. Leica Historical Society of America.
Inscribed in the Territorial Register of the Intellectual Property of Madrid
Other articles on Robert Capa:
ROBERT CAPA, CHINA 1938: FIRST KODACHROME WAR PHOTOGRAPHIES IN HISTORY
ROBERT CAPA´S FIRST LEICA SOLD DURING THE HISTORICAL 22ND WESTLICHT CAMERA AUCTION
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