José Manuel Serrano Esparza. LHSA
ENGLISH VERSION
Córdoba, señera provincia andaluza repleta de historia, engrandece progresivamente, todavía más si cabe, su importancia en la carrera fotoperiodística de uno de uno de los más grandes fotógrafos de todos los tiempos y fundador en 1947 de la Agencia Magnum junto con David Seymour "Chim", Henri Cartier-Bresson, William Vandivert y George Rodger.
Photo: Robert Capa
elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com ha descubierto la autoría y ubicado otra fotografía más realizada por Robert Capa en la zona de Cerro Muriano, concretamente en la Finca de Villa Alicia (aproximadamente a 1 km de distancia del pueblo de Cerro Muriano, al suroeste)
el 5 de Septiembre de 1936, y que viene a sumarse a las muchas hechas tanto por él como por Gerda Taro en esta zona y que hemos hallado y ubicado durante los últimos cuatro años.
Se trata de una imagen captada durante la alocución de un jefe anarquista a milicianos de la CNT y de la FAI de Alcoy (Alicante) y voluntarios civiles andaluces, aproximadamente a las 12:30 h del mediodía, y que pertenece a la serie de fotografías hechas por Capa y Gerda Taro en este mismo lugar e instantes, de las que informamos en:
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2010/08/gerda-taro-centenario-de-su-nacimiento.html
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2011/04/cerro-muriano-identificacion-y.html
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2011/07/cerro-muriano-hallada-y-ubicada-una.html
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2011/09/dos-fotografias-mas-hechas-por-gerda.html
Esta nueva fotografía recién descubierta y ubicada por elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com fue publicada - sin que se indicara ni el nombre del fotógrafo autor de la imagen ni la ubicación exacta donde fue hecha - en la página 3 del Número 15 Volumen III de la revista Weekly Illustrated del sábado 10 de octubre de 1936, en tamaño 17´6 x 13´9 cm, a partir de una copia vintage realizada con el negativo original Eastman Kodak Panchromatic Nitrate de 35 mm (expuesto por Robert Capa con una cámara telemétrica Leica II (Model D) con objetivo Leitz Elmar 50 mm f/3.5, desde una posición elevada) y que fue enviada por Maria Eisner (directora de la agencia Alliance Photo, que distribuía las imágenes de Capa) a Stefan Lorant, editor del Weekly Illustrated News, que reencuadró la imagen y por necesidades de maquetación la dejó en un formato aproximadamente 4:3, similar al aspect ratio del gran formato 4 x 5 (10 x 12 cm), de tal manera que encajara en la zona inferior derecha de la mencionada página junto con otras nueve fotografías más de distintos temas que nada tenían que ver con la Guerra Civil Española, si bien Lorant decidió dar todo el protagonismo posible a la imagen de Capa, insertándola en mayor tamaño que el resto.
Photo: Robert Capa.
Pero la novedad importante de esta fotografía es que el hombre que está subido sobre un gran tonel de madera (del cual sólo se aprecia parte de él junto a su pie derecho, ya que aparece mayormente oculto por la zona superior del cuerpo de dos milicianos) es distinto al que dirige otra alocución a estos mismos combatientes civiles en una fotografía hecha por Capa en este mismo lugar, día y momento, ya conocida desde hace décadas y en la que elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com identificó a Gerda Taro en el borde izquierdo de la imagen:
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2010/08/gerda-taro-centenario-de-su-nacimiento.html
Se trata de Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, secretario de la CNT de Alcoy (Alicante), y jefe -junto con el alférez Melquíades Valiente- del contingente de la columna alcoyana (compuesta por 534 militares del Regimiento de Infantería de Vizcaya nº 12 - con guarnición en Alcoy - y 687 milicianos anarquistas de la CNT y la FAI) que tras salir de Alcoy el 7 de Agosto de 1936 y llegar a Pedro Abad (Córdoba) el 9 de Agosto de 1936, se dirigió a Cerro Muriano, mientras que el otro contigente - al mando del teniente Roberto García-, se dirigió a Espejo, llegando ambos contingentes a sendos pueblos el 10 de agosto de 1936.
Enrique Vañó Nicomedes - fusilado en Alcoy el 29 de agosto de 1939, a los 28 años de edad, tras consejo de guerra sin garantía jurídica alguna, ya que no tenía delitos de sangre - estuvo muy activo durante la jornada del 5 de Septiembre de 1936, moviéndose entre la Finca de Villa Alicia y la Loma de Las Malagueñas, zona esta última en la que participó en los combates junto con Rafael Miralles de la FAI y Felipe Colomé de la CNT, permaneciendo con los altos mandos republicanos hasta aproximadamente las 21:30 h de la noche, momento en que el comandante Juan Bernal, al no ser ya posible seguir defendiendo la cota ante los feroces ataques de las tropas marroquíes de tabor de regulares, decidió abandonar la posición con su estado mayor - comandantes Balibrea, Armentia y Aviraneta, así como el capitán La Romana y el teniente Roig- , Juan Cimorra, Robert Capa y Gerda Taro, huyendo hacia Cerro Muriano.
En la imagen, vemos como Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, ataviado con mono claro de miliciano, y al que le falta la mano derecha, habla al nutrido y heterogéneo grupo de milicianos anarquistas de Alcoy de la CNT y la FAI así como a combatientes civiles andaluces, tratando de insuflarles todo el ánimo posible antes de la inminente batalla.
Son aproximadamente las 12:30 h de la mañana del 5 de Septiembre de 1936 en la Finca de Villa Alicia, que está repleta de milicianos anarquistas de la CNT y de la FAI (equipados con fusiles y mosquetones Mauser calibre 7 x 57 mm, capturados durante el asalto a cuarteles militares a mediados y finales de Julio de 1936) así como de numerosos milicianos andaluces ataviados con gorras y boinas y armados sobre todo con escopetas de caza.
Se percibe claramente en el rostro de Enrique Vañó Nicomedes - que ha sido informado de la situación real por el capitán republicano Castañeda- la rabia y el gran esfuerzo que realiza para elevar la moral de los combatientes civiles, procedentes de las más diversas profesiones comunes (albañiles, zapateros, agricultores, campesinos, fontaneros, empleados de imprenta, electricistas, obreros metalúrgicos, etc), sin apenas instrucción militar ni pericia en el manejo de las armas, que en un contexto por momentos macabramente surrealista van a enfrentarse en pocas horas a unidades profesionales muy selectas del temido Ejército de Africa, constituidas por los legionarios de la columna franquista de la izquierda al mando del comandante Sagrado (que atacan desde aproximadamente las 10:00 h de la mañana la vertiente sur de Torreárboles) y los legionarios del comandante Baturone ( que tratarán de envolver la cota Torreárboles por su vertiente norte, complementando así el ataque franquista que está teniendo ya lugar sobre su vertiente sur, con un intercambio de disparos de fusil, ametralladora y morteros que está siendo oído por todas las personas que aparecen en la imagen), mientras que la columna de la derecha al mando global del coronel Sáenz de Buruaga (la más importante para el éxito del ataque) y formada por el Tabor de Regulares de Melilla nº 3 al mando del comandante López Guerrero (perteneciente al Grupo de Regulares de Melilla nº 2 de Nador de la Circunscripción Oriental) y los Escuadrones de Regulares de Ceuta nº 3 y Alhucemas al mando del comandante Gerardo Figuerola, están a punto de lanzar un ataque sobre la colina de Las Malagueñas (donde se halla el puesto de mando avanzado republicano) que se producirá a las 13:00 h y será parado en seco durante varias horas por los alcoyanos que se lanzarán en tromba a por ellos abriendo fuego a discreción, impidiendo la maniobra envolvente de los durísimos soldados marroquíes de Sáenz de Buruaga y ralentizando notablemente el avance de las otras dos columnas franquistas.
La tensión y la angustia que se palpan en la imagen son enormes.
Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, al igual que el otro jefe miliciano anarquista que aparece en la otra fotografía mencionada anteriormente y en la que hace un año descubrimos la cabeza de Gerda Taro en el borde izquierdo de la imagen, está informando a los milicianos - en su mayoría de Alcoy- de que las tropas franquistas les van a atacar pronto y que intentarán arrollarles y caer sobre la espalda de sus compañeros milicianos y soldados regulares leales a la República que defienden la cresta y vertiente sur de Torreárboles, por lo que deben aguantar a toda costa sus embestidas en la Finca de Villa Alicia y cubrir la retaguardia de sus camaradas.
La atmósfera se hace irrespirable para los hombres que aparecen en la imagen y que están escuchando la alocución de Enrique Vañó Nicomedes.
Saben en su fuero interno que la mayoría de ellos van a morir, como así ocurrirá durante la tarde noche de este 5 de septiembre de 1936, en que serán aniquilados.
La propia naturaleza de estos combates - muy distinta a las masivas batallas a partir de 1937 como Brunete, El Ebro, etc- hace que la Finca de Villa Alicia sea con diferencia la zona más peligrosa de toda la batalla, ya que es el área de maniobra envolvente para capturar la importante cota Torreárboles, Franco dispone todavía de escasos efectivos en Andalucía (aunque lo compensan sobradamente, ya que se trata de la élite del Ejército de Africa) y se aplican parámetros de guerra colonial africana basada en la infiltración de pequeñas columnas en territorio enemigo, por lo que es frecuente no hacer prisioneros.
Las tropas franquistas atacantes poseen muy abundante experiencia previa en combate, con unos mandos que llevan casi veinte años luchando en Marruecos, y que son capaces de adaptarse a cualquier contingencia inesperada que pueda surgir, siempre con la gran ventaja de la muy alta moral de combate de los legionarios y los tabors de regulares marroquíes, que con sus rapidísimos movimientos envolventes y su extraordinaria puntería con disparos de media y larga distancia con sus fusiles y mosquetones Máuser, son capaces de alargar las líneas de frente y rectificarlas según las circunstancias, sin olvidar el hecho de que siempre intentan acortar la distancia con el enemigo para el combate cuerpo a cuerpo.
Nadie quiere luchar a la bayoneta contra las temidas tropas del Ejército de Africa.
La inmensa mayoría de los milicianos que escuchan a Enrique Vañó Nicomedes están muy preocupados. Temen por sus vidas.
Hasta pocas semanas antes, los hombres que aparecen en la fotografía, se han ganado la vida trabajando en las profesiones más comunes, en muy duras condiciones laborales de entre 12 y 18 horas al día, tanto ellos como sus mujeres, en habituales contextos de explotación, condiciones sanitarias e higiénicas que dejaban bastante que desear, sueldos míseros, muchas horas extras no pagadas bajo la permanente amenaza latente del despido al menor atisbo de protesta, agotadoras jornadas de trabajo de sol a sol, sobre todo en el ámbito rural, y habitual presencia de niños trabajando tanto en el campo como en las grandes ciudades y pueblos.
Lógicamente, tienen miedo a morir, la película de sus vidas está pasando rápidamente por sus cabezas en estos momentos. Piensan en sus seres queridos, el sudor mana a borbotones, y el stress se incrementa hasta niveles exponenciales, al igual que el odio - por otra parte, este primer año de guerra civil será el más cruento por ambos bandos con respecto al asesinato de civiles en retaguardia, y se han producido ya abundantes masacres por toda España -.
Robert Capa capta este momento con su habitual maestría. Está en el lugar apropiado en el momento adecuado, y lo más cerca posible.
Son muchos los milicianos en cuyo semblante y actitud aparece claramente reflejada la incertidumbre y nerviosismo en grado máximo.
Obsérvese al miliciano de la CNT visible en la mitad inferior izquierda de la fotografía, con la mirada perdida y muy profunda introspección, con su brazo izquierdo estirado y la mano izquierda apoyada en el tonel.
O el miliciano que ocupa la zona central de la mitad inferior de la imagen - del cual únicamente se aprecia la cabeza con el gorro anarquista parcialmente iluminado por la luz solar y la zona superior de la espalda-. Sabe lo que se les viene encima, ha cerrado los ojos y también probablemente piensa en sus familiares más allegados, mientras justo a su derecha otro miliciano de Alcoy con gorro anarquista, muy nervioso, junta los dedos de ambas manos y frota sus uñas mientras mira a Capa.
Vemos también varios hombres que aparecen en algunas de las otras fotografías anteriormente mencionadas, hechas por Capa y Gerda Taro en este mismo día, lugar y momento y descubiertas y ubicadas por elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com:
En el vértice inferior izquierdo de la imagen aparece un combatiente civil andaluz vestido con boina clara y chaleco oscuro sin mangas, que está mirando hacia arriba al orador. Lleva una manta sobre el hombro izquierdo y una escopeta de caza a su espalda, colgada de su correa y cuyos dos cañones son parcialmente visibles por detrás de su cabeza.
Justo por encima de él, vemos a un miliciano de la CNT o de la FAI con el típico gorro anarquista, que viste un mono oscuro y un gran pañuelo blanco alrededor del cuello. Está mirando hacia arriba al jefe miliciano mientras pronuncia su arenga.
Este miliciano alcoyano de la CNT o la FAI con el gran pañuelo blanco alrededor de su cuello, aparece también en la mitad superior de una fotografía cuya autoría y localización fue descubierta por el rectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com en:
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2011/04/cerro-muriano-identificacion-y.html
y que ocupa la zona superior izquierda de la página 727 del Illustrated London News del 24 de octubre de 1936.
Por otra parte, este hombre también aparece en la mitad derecha de otra fotografía cuya autoría y ubicación fue descubierta por elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com y que fue publicada originalmente en el libro ROBERT CAPA Cuadernos de Guerra en España (1936-1939) de la Colección Imagen, Sala Parpalló Diputación Provincial de Valencia Edicions Alfons El Magnànim Institució Valenciana D´Estudis I Investigació de 1987, aunque en el libro el pie de foto explica erróneamente que la imagen fue hecha en Madrid en 1936 (una equivocación comprensible, no sólo por lo prolijo de la identificación y ubicación, sino porque el encuadre muy cerrado y la mirada hacia arriba de ambos milicianos hace pensar que se trata de un mítin en gran ciudad), y que en realidad corresponde a la serie realizada por Capa y Taro en la Finca de Villa Alicia, Cerro Muriano, el 5 de Septiembre de 1936, tal y como demostró elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com el 12 de Julio de 2011:
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com.es/2011/07/cerro-muriano-hallada-y-ubicada-una.html
Por otra parte, en esta nueva fotografía de Capa recién descubierta y ubicada y en la que aparece Enrique Vañó Nicomedes pronunciando una arenga, en el borde derecho de la imagen, con un camión justo a su espalda, vemos a un miliciano de Alcoy con una manta clara sobre su hombro izquierdo. Se halla cabizbajo y pensativo -quizá ya ajeno a las palabras de aliento que están siendo pronunciadas por el jefe miliciano desde una posición elevada- plenamente consciente de que van a enfrentarse muy pronto a las temidas tropas profesionales del Ejército de Africa.
Y en la zona superior izquierda del borde de la imagen, con la parte trasera de su cabeza casi tocando un árbol, otro miliciano está también cabizbajo y pensativo.
Simultáneamente, otro joven miliciano anarquista situado en el vértice inferior derecho del fotograma y en cuya gorra anarquista están bordadas las letras UHP (Unión de Hermanos Proletarios) está con el brazo apoyado en el tonel, también muy preocupado pensando para sus adentros, y no mira hacia arriba a Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, sino en dirección contraria, mientras un combatiente civil andaluz situado detrás de él (con camisa clara y boina oscura) tiene la cabeza baja y fruto del nerviosismo se rasca las uñas.
Dos milicianos muy jóvenes, que están de pie tras la pierna izquierda del jefe miliciano que pronuncia la arenga, están claramente afectados por el miedo. El más próximo a Enrique Vañó Nicomedes viste ropa clara y su gorro anarquista aparece justo por debajo de la mano izquierda del orador. Tiene la mirada perdida y la angustia reflejada en su rostro, mientras que el jovencísimo miliciano - de unos 15 ó 16 años - que está detrás de él presenta muy elevados niveles de ansiedad e inevitable pánico en su semblante.
El combatiente civil andaluz con boina clara que está justo delante de la zona izquierda del gran pañuelo blanco del miliciano anarquista del borde izquierdo del fotograma, tampoco mira ya a Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, sino que se halla absorto en sí mismo, muy consciente del enorme peligro de muerte que se avecina.
Así pues, esta fotografía - al igual que muchas otras - demuestra plenamente algo que ya se sabía: que Robert Capa no vino en 1936 a Córdoba ni a ninguna otra zona de España a hacer fakes ni a utilizar "truquillos", sino a entre otras muchas cosas, jugarse la vida con notable frecuencia para conseguir las mejores fotos posibles, tal y como ocurre en esta imagen y el resto de la serie, en la que Capa está en la zona con diferencia más peligrosa durante aquel día.
Por otra parte, queda totalmente descartada la acusación infundada de que es el propio Robert Capa el miliciano que posa con su brazo izquierdo en alto sobre una trinchera, a la izquierda del todo, agarrando un fusil, en una de las fotografías de la serie de Espejo, ya que en Septiembre de 1936 Bob tiene 23 años y el hombre que aparece en la imagen con camisa blanca - The Falling Soldier - es un hombre ya maduro, de aproximadamente 40 años, al igual que queda demostrado que ninguno de los 11 hombres que posan de pie sobre dicha trinchera a las afueras de Espejo puede ser Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, ya que éste último no estuvo en Espejo (lugar al que corresponde dicha foto de la trinchera) sino en Cerro Muriano, adonde llegó el 10 de Agosto de 1936 al mando -junto con el alférez Melquíades Valiente- del contingente de la columna alcoyana que el 9 de Agosto de 1936 puso rumbo desde Pedro Abad a Cerro Muriano, mientras que el otro contingente al mando del teniente Roberto García marchó a Espejo.
Volviendo al tema que nos ocupa, esta dura imagen aparecida en la página 3 del Número 15 Volumen III de la revista Weekly Illustrated del sábado 10 de octubre de 1936 -bastante más macabra de lo que pueda parecer en un primer vistazo rápido- es un documento fotoperiodístico muy valioso y de enorme dramatismo, que refleja de modo muy fidedigno y preciso lo que es en realidad la guerra, lo cual ha sido captado de manera magistral por Robert Capa, con una fotografía muy representativa, altamente informativa y repleta de compromiso, que sigue los postulados fotoperiodísticos establecidos cuarenta años después de este 5 de septiembre de 1936 por Cliff Edom, Profesor de Fotoperiodismo de la Universidad de Missouri, en su obra Photojournalism de 1976.
Copyright José Manuel Serrano Esparza. LHSA
Inscrito en el Registro Territorial de la Propiedad Intelectual de Madrid
domingo, 11 de marzo de 2012
CERRO MURIANO: DISCOVERED AND LOCATED A NEW PHOTOGRAPH MADE BY ROBERT CAPA ON SEPTEMBER 5, 1936. MOMENTS OF PREDEATH ( I I )
José Manuel Serrano Esparza. LHSA
SPANISH VERSION
Córdoba, a remarkable Andalusian province full of history, is increasing more and more its significance in the photojournalistic career of one of the greatest photographers of all time and founder in 1947 of Magnum Agency, along with David Seymour ´Chim´, Henri Cartier-Bresson, William Vandivert and George Rodger.
Photo: Robert Capa
elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com has discovered the authorship and located one more photograph made by Robert Capa in Cerro Muriano area, specifically in the Finca of Villa Alicia (approximately 1 km away from Cerro Muriano village, in the southwest), on September 5, 1936, and which adds to the many ones got by both him and Gerda Taro in this zone that we have discovered and located for the last four years.
It is an image captured during the furious address delivered by an anarchist chief to CNT and FAI militiamen from Alcoy (Alicante) and volunteer Andalusian civil men, around 12:30 h midday, and belonging to the series of photographs made by Capa and Taro in this same place and instants and on which we reported in:
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2010/08/gerda-taro-centenary-of-her-birth-and.html
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2011/04/cerro-muriano-identification-and.html
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2011/07/cerro-muriano-new-photograph-made-by.html
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2011/09/two-more-pictures-made-by-gerda-taro-in.html
This new photograph just discovered and located by elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com was published - without indicating the name of the photographer who took the image or the exact location where it was made - on page 3 of Number 15 Volume III of Weekly Illustrated magazine of October 10, 1936, in a 17,6 x 13,9 cm size, from a vintage copy made with the original 35 mm Eastman Kodak panchromatic negative (exposed by Robert Capa with a rangefinder Leica II (Model D) with Leitz Elmar 50 mm f/3.5 lens, from an elevated position) which was sent by Marie-Jeanne Eisner (Director of Alliance Photo Agency, which she had founded in Paris in 1934, and a great professional who had been a pupil of Simon Gutmann in Berlin during the golden ages of Dephot Agency) to Stefan Lorant, editor of Weekly Illustrated, who reframed the image and because of layout needs, edited it in an approximately 4:3 format, similar to the aspect ratio of the 4 x 5 ( 10 x 12 cm) large format, in such a way that it fitted on the lower right area of the quoted page together with other further photographs which hadn´t anything to do with the Spanish Civil War, though Lorant decided to highlight Capa´s picture as much as possible, reproducing it with a bigger size than the rest.
Photo: Robert Capa
But the most important and newly revealed thing in this picture is that the man who is standing on top of a big wooden barrel (barely visible, since it appears mostly concealed by the bodies of some militiamen) is a different man than the one giving another harangue to these same civil combatants in a picture made by Capa in this same place, day and moment, already known for decades and in which elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com was able to identify Gerda Taro in the left border of the image:
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2010/08/gerda-taro-centenary-of-her-birth-and.html
He is nothing less than Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, secretary of the CNT of Alcoy (Alicante) and chief - along with the lieutenant Melquíades Valiente- of the contingent of Alcoy Column (made up by 534 military men belonging to the Infantry Regiment Vizcaya Number 12 - with a garrison in Alcoy- and 687 militiamen from CNT and FAI) who after leaving Alcoy on August 7, 1936 and arriving at Pedro Abad (Córdoba) on August 9, 1936, went to Cerro Muriano (Córdoba), while the other contingent - under the command of lieutenant Roberto García- marched to Espejo, with the two contingents arriving at both villages on August 10,1936.
Enrique Vañó Nicomedes - shot in Alcoy on August 29, 1939, being 28 years old, after a military court-martial held without any legal base, since he hadn´t committed any blood crime- was very active during September 5, 1936 day, moving between Villa Alicia estate and Las Malagueñas Hill, the latter being the area in which he took part in the combats along with Rafael Miralles from FAI and Felipe Colomé from CNT, staying with the Republican high commanders until approximately 21:30 h in the night, when it dawned on major Juan Bernal that it was impossible to keep on defending the hill against the fierce attacks of Moroccan tabor of regulares troops, and he decided to abandon the position with his staff - majors Balibrea, Armentia and Aviraneta, along with captain La Romana and lieutenant Roig - , Juan Cimorra, Robert Capa and Gerda Taro, escaping to Cerro Muriano to save their lives.
In the image, we can see Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, clad in a clear militiaman overalls and lacking his right hand, speaking to the numerous and eclectic group of Anarchist militiamen from Alcoy CNT and FAI and Andalusian civil combatants, striving after conveying them as much courage as possible before the impending battle.
It is approximately 12:30 h in the morning of September 5, 1936 in the Finca of Villa Alicia, which is full of Alcoy militiamen from CNT and FAI (equipped with 7 x 57 mm caliber Mauser rifles and mosquetones, captured during the assaults to military Francoist barracks in mid and late July of 1936) along with a lot of Andalusian militiamen dressed with caps and berets and mainly armed with shotguns.
The face of Enrique Vañó Nicomedes - which has been thoroughly reported the real situation by Republican captain Castañeda- clearly shows the big rage and effort he is making trying to increase the morale of the civilian fighters listening to him and coming from the most different common occupations (shoemakers, farmers, peasants, plumbers, print workers, electricians, etc), with barely any military drill or skill in the handling of guns, who in a macabre and almost surrealistic context, are going to face within a few hours to the cream of professional units of the dreaded Army of Africa, made up by legionnaries of the left Francoist unit under the command of major Sagrado (who are attacking the south slope of Torreárboles hill from approximately 10: 00 h in the morning) and the legionaries of major Baturone (who will try to encircle Torreárboles hill through its north side, so complementing the Francoist attack which is already taking place on its south side, with an exchange of rifle, machine-gun and mortar fire that is being heard by all the persons appearing in the image), while the Francoist right column under the global command of colonel Sáenz of Buruaga (the most important one for the success of the attack) and made up by the Tabor of Regulares of Melilla Number 3 under the command of major López Guerrero (belonging to the Group of Regulares of Melilla Number 2 of Nador of the Eastern Circumscription) and the Squadrons of Regulares of Ceuta Number 3 and Alhucemas under the command of major Gerardo Figuerola, are about to launch an onslaught against Las Malagueñas hill (where the Republican advanced command post is located) which will take place at 13:00 h and will be stopped for some hours by the Alcoyanos, which will pounce en masse on them, opening fire at will, and managing to avoid for some hours the encircling manoeuver attempted by the very hard Sáenz of Buruaga´s Moroccan soldiers and slowing very much the advance of the other two Francoist columns.
Both the patent stress and anxiety visible in the image are huge.
Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, in the same way as the other militiaman chief appearing in the other aforementioned picture and in which we discovered a year ago the head of Gerda Taro in the left border of the image, is reporting the militiamen - mostly from Alcoy - that Francoist troops are going to attack them soon and that they will try to wipe them out and fall on their comrades militiamen and loyalist to the Republic soldiers defending the crest and south slope of Torreárboles, so they must hold at any cost their onslaughts in Finca of Villa Alicia and cover the rearguard of their companions.
The atmosphere becomes unbreathable for the men appearing in the image, who are listening to Enrique Vañó Nicomedes speech.
They know innerly that most of them are going to die, as will happen during the late evening of this September 5, 1936, in which they will be finally routed by the Francoist troops after a stubborn defense of many hours.
The very nature of these clashes - very different to the massive battles from 1937 like Brunete, El Ebro, etc- makes that the Finca of Villa Alicia is with difference the most dangerous zone in the whole battle, for it is the encircling manoeuver area to capture the important Torreárboles hill, Franco still has scarce effectives in Andalusia (albeit he greatly makes up for it, because the troops he is using in the south of Spain are the cream of the Army of Africa) and parameters of ruthless African colonnial warfare based on the infiltration of small units within enemy territory are applied, so it is usual not to take prisoners.
The attacking Francoist troops feature a lot of previous combat experience, with commanders who have been fighting in Morocco for almost twenty years, being able to adapt to any unexpected contingency that can arise, always with the great advantage of the very high combat morale of the legionnaries and Moroccan tabors of Regulares, which are able to extend the front lines and rectify them according to battle circumstances through their exceedingly swift encircling manoeuvers and their remarkable accuracy with medium and long range shots with their 7 x 57 mm caliber Mauser rifles and mosquetones, without forgetting that they always try to reduce the distance with the enemy for the hand to hand combat.
Nobody wants to fight with fixed bayonets against the dreaded troops of the Army of Africa.
Vast majority of the militiamen listening to Enrique Vañó Nicomedes are very worried. They fear for their lives.
Until a few weeks before, the men depicted in the picture have earned their lives working in the most common occupations, suffering very hard labour conditions, both them and their wives, in usual contexts of exploitation, miserable sanitary and hygienic conditions, widespread lack of security measures, exceedingly low salaries, a lot of non paid overtime under the steadfast threat of being sacked at the least glimpse of protest, exhausting working days from dawn to dusk, mainly within the rural scope, and frequent presence of children working both in the countryside and the big cities and villages.
Logically, they are afraid of dying, the movie of their lives is quickly passing inside their heads at the moment. They think about their most beloved relatives and friends, sweat springs up in a gush, and stress increases to the utmost, in the same way as hatred.
Robert Capa captures this moment with his customary mastery. He is in the suitable place at the appropriate moment, and the nearest feasible.
There are a lot of militiamen clearly showing maximum levels of uncertainty and fidgety on their countenances and attitude.
Pay attention to the militiaman from CNT visible on the lower left half of the photograph, having an absent gaze and very deep introspection, with his left arm stretched and his left hand leaned on the barrel.
Or the militiaman on the middle area of the lower half of the image (of whom we can only see his head with the anarchist cap - partially lit by sun beams - and his upper back ). He does know what is approaching, has closed his eyes and is likewise probably thinking of his relations, while just on his right, another militiaman from Alcoy wearing an anarchist cap, highly jittery, joins the fingers of both hands and rubs his nails while he looks at Capa.
We can also see several men who appear in some of the other aforementioned pictures, made by Capa and Gerda Taro in this same day, place and moment and discovered and located by elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com:
On the lower left vertex of the image appears an Andalusian civil combatant wearing a clear beret and unsleeved dark waistcoat, who is looking upward in the direction of the speaker. He has a blanket resting on his left shoulder, and a shotgun hanging from its leather strap and whose two barrels are partially visible behind his head.
Just above him, there´s a militiaman belonging to CNT or FAi from Alcoy. He is wearing the typical anarchist cap and is clad in a dark overalls. A large white handkerchief is wrapped around his neck. This man also appears on the upper half of a photograph whose authorship and location where it was made were discovered by elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com in:
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2011/04/cerro-muriano-identification-and.html
and is on the upper left area of page 727 of the Illustrated London News of October 24, 1936.
On the other hand, this man also appears in the right half of another picture whose authorship and location were discovered by elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com and which was originally published in the book ROBERT CAPA Cuadernos de Guerra en España (1936-1939) of the Colección Imagen, Sala Parpalló Diputación Provincial de Valencia Edicions Alfons El Magnànim Institució Valenciana D´ Estudis I Investigació de 1987, though inside the book, the caption of the photograph explains wrongly that the image was made in Madrid in 1936 (an understandable error, not only because of the very complex identification and location, but also because the very tight framing and the look upwards of both militiamen makes one think that it is a meeting in a big city), and which really corresponds to the series made by Capa and Taro in the Finca of Villa Alicia, 1 km away from Cerro Muriano village, in the southwest, on September 5, 1936, as was proved by elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com on July 12, 2011:
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com.es/2011/07/cerro-muriano-new-photograph-made-by.html
On the other hand, in the new picture made by Capa and just found and located, in which Enrique Vañó Nicomedes appears delivering a harangue to the militiamen trying that they pluck up courage before the combat, on the right border of the image, with a lorry just behind his back, we can see a militiaman from Alcoy with a clear blanket on his left shoulder. He is with his head down and pensive - maybe already unaware of the boosting words that are being pronounced by the militiaman chief from an elevated position - he is standing on the big barrel - , fully knowing that they´re going to fight soon against the dreaded professional troops of the Army of Africa.
And on the upper left area of the border of the image, with the back of his head almost touching a tree, another militiaman is also downhearted and lost in thought.
Simultaneously, another young Anarchist militiaman located in the lower right vertex of the picture and on whose Anarchist cap are embroidered the letters UHP (Union of Proletarian Brethren) is with his arm resting on the casket, likewise very concerned and thoughtful, and he isn´t looking upwards to Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, but in opposite direction, while a civil Andalusian combatant behind him (wearing a clear shirt and dark beret) has his head down and is scratching his nails because of the fidgets.
Two very young militiamen, who are standing behind the left leg of the anarchist militiaman delivering the speech, are apparently affected by fear. The closest to Enrique Vañó Nicomedes is wearing clear clothes and his anarchist cap appears just under the speaker´s left hand. He gazes absently and anguish is reflected on his face, while the exceedingly young militiaman - being around 15 or 16 years old - behind him is experiencing very high levels of anxiety and inevitable panic visible on his countenance.
The civil Andalusian combatant with clear beret just in front of the left area of the big white handkerchief of the anarchist militiaman on the left border of the picture, isn´t looking at Enrique Vañó Nicomedes either. He´s thoughtful, very aware about the huge and imminent danger of death.
Therefore, this photograph - in the same way as many others- proves utterly once more, something that was already known: that Robert Capa didn´t come in 1936 to Córdoba or any other area of Spain to make fakes or use "truquillos" (tricks), but - among many other things - to very often risk his own life to get the best possible pictures, such as happens in this image and the rest of photographs of the series, in which Capa is in the most dangerous zone during that day.
On the other hand, the groundless accusation that Robert Capa himself is the man on far left of the image, posing raising his left arm holding a rifle on a trench in one of the pictures of the series taken in Espejo must be discarded and is absolutely false, because in September 1936 Bob is 23 years old and the man appearing in that photograph wearing a white shirt - The Falling Soldier - is more mature and his age is around 40 years old, in the same way that it is utterly proved that none of the eleven men posing raising their rifles on such a trench in the outskirts of Espejo can be Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, because the latter wasn´t in Espejo (location where the picture of the militiamen on the trench was taken) but in Cerro Muriano,where he arrived on August 10, 1936 in command (together with the second lieutenant Melquíades Valiente) of the contingent of the Alcoy column which on August 9, 1936 departed from Pedro Abad to Cerro Muriano, while the other contingent under the command of lieutenant Roberto García marched to Espejo.
Coming back to the point, the hard image published on page 3 of Number 15 Volume III of Weekly Illustrated magazine of October 10, 1936 - much more frightful than it can seem at a first quick glance - is a very valuable and hugely dramatic photojournalistic document, very faithfully and accurately depicting what war really is, which has been masterfully captured by Robert Capa, with a very representative and highly informative photograph, full of compromise, which follows the photojournalistic basic principles set forth forty years after this September 5, 1936 by Cliff Edom, Professor of Photojournalism at Missouri University, in his work Photojournalism from 1976.
Copyright José Manuel Serrano Esparza. LHSA
Inscribed in the Territorial Registry of the Intellectual Property of Madrid.
SPANISH VERSION
Córdoba, a remarkable Andalusian province full of history, is increasing more and more its significance in the photojournalistic career of one of the greatest photographers of all time and founder in 1947 of Magnum Agency, along with David Seymour ´Chim´, Henri Cartier-Bresson, William Vandivert and George Rodger.
Photo: Robert Capa
elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com has discovered the authorship and located one more photograph made by Robert Capa in Cerro Muriano area, specifically in the Finca of Villa Alicia (approximately 1 km away from Cerro Muriano village, in the southwest), on September 5, 1936, and which adds to the many ones got by both him and Gerda Taro in this zone that we have discovered and located for the last four years.
It is an image captured during the furious address delivered by an anarchist chief to CNT and FAI militiamen from Alcoy (Alicante) and volunteer Andalusian civil men, around 12:30 h midday, and belonging to the series of photographs made by Capa and Taro in this same place and instants and on which we reported in:
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2010/08/gerda-taro-centenary-of-her-birth-and.html
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2011/04/cerro-muriano-identification-and.html
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2011/07/cerro-muriano-new-photograph-made-by.html
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2011/09/two-more-pictures-made-by-gerda-taro-in.html
This new photograph just discovered and located by elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com was published - without indicating the name of the photographer who took the image or the exact location where it was made - on page 3 of Number 15 Volume III of Weekly Illustrated magazine of October 10, 1936, in a 17,6 x 13,9 cm size, from a vintage copy made with the original 35 mm Eastman Kodak panchromatic negative (exposed by Robert Capa with a rangefinder Leica II (Model D) with Leitz Elmar 50 mm f/3.5 lens, from an elevated position) which was sent by Marie-Jeanne Eisner (Director of Alliance Photo Agency, which she had founded in Paris in 1934, and a great professional who had been a pupil of Simon Gutmann in Berlin during the golden ages of Dephot Agency) to Stefan Lorant, editor of Weekly Illustrated, who reframed the image and because of layout needs, edited it in an approximately 4:3 format, similar to the aspect ratio of the 4 x 5 ( 10 x 12 cm) large format, in such a way that it fitted on the lower right area of the quoted page together with other further photographs which hadn´t anything to do with the Spanish Civil War, though Lorant decided to highlight Capa´s picture as much as possible, reproducing it with a bigger size than the rest.
Photo: Robert Capa
But the most important and newly revealed thing in this picture is that the man who is standing on top of a big wooden barrel (barely visible, since it appears mostly concealed by the bodies of some militiamen) is a different man than the one giving another harangue to these same civil combatants in a picture made by Capa in this same place, day and moment, already known for decades and in which elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com was able to identify Gerda Taro in the left border of the image:
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2010/08/gerda-taro-centenary-of-her-birth-and.html
He is nothing less than Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, secretary of the CNT of Alcoy (Alicante) and chief - along with the lieutenant Melquíades Valiente- of the contingent of Alcoy Column (made up by 534 military men belonging to the Infantry Regiment Vizcaya Number 12 - with a garrison in Alcoy- and 687 militiamen from CNT and FAI) who after leaving Alcoy on August 7, 1936 and arriving at Pedro Abad (Córdoba) on August 9, 1936, went to Cerro Muriano (Córdoba), while the other contingent - under the command of lieutenant Roberto García- marched to Espejo, with the two contingents arriving at both villages on August 10,1936.
Enrique Vañó Nicomedes - shot in Alcoy on August 29, 1939, being 28 years old, after a military court-martial held without any legal base, since he hadn´t committed any blood crime- was very active during September 5, 1936 day, moving between Villa Alicia estate and Las Malagueñas Hill, the latter being the area in which he took part in the combats along with Rafael Miralles from FAI and Felipe Colomé from CNT, staying with the Republican high commanders until approximately 21:30 h in the night, when it dawned on major Juan Bernal that it was impossible to keep on defending the hill against the fierce attacks of Moroccan tabor of regulares troops, and he decided to abandon the position with his staff - majors Balibrea, Armentia and Aviraneta, along with captain La Romana and lieutenant Roig - , Juan Cimorra, Robert Capa and Gerda Taro, escaping to Cerro Muriano to save their lives.
In the image, we can see Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, clad in a clear militiaman overalls and lacking his right hand, speaking to the numerous and eclectic group of Anarchist militiamen from Alcoy CNT and FAI and Andalusian civil combatants, striving after conveying them as much courage as possible before the impending battle.
It is approximately 12:30 h in the morning of September 5, 1936 in the Finca of Villa Alicia, which is full of Alcoy militiamen from CNT and FAI (equipped with 7 x 57 mm caliber Mauser rifles and mosquetones, captured during the assaults to military Francoist barracks in mid and late July of 1936) along with a lot of Andalusian militiamen dressed with caps and berets and mainly armed with shotguns.
The face of Enrique Vañó Nicomedes - which has been thoroughly reported the real situation by Republican captain Castañeda- clearly shows the big rage and effort he is making trying to increase the morale of the civilian fighters listening to him and coming from the most different common occupations (shoemakers, farmers, peasants, plumbers, print workers, electricians, etc), with barely any military drill or skill in the handling of guns, who in a macabre and almost surrealistic context, are going to face within a few hours to the cream of professional units of the dreaded Army of Africa, made up by legionnaries of the left Francoist unit under the command of major Sagrado (who are attacking the south slope of Torreárboles hill from approximately 10: 00 h in the morning) and the legionaries of major Baturone (who will try to encircle Torreárboles hill through its north side, so complementing the Francoist attack which is already taking place on its south side, with an exchange of rifle, machine-gun and mortar fire that is being heard by all the persons appearing in the image), while the Francoist right column under the global command of colonel Sáenz of Buruaga (the most important one for the success of the attack) and made up by the Tabor of Regulares of Melilla Number 3 under the command of major López Guerrero (belonging to the Group of Regulares of Melilla Number 2 of Nador of the Eastern Circumscription) and the Squadrons of Regulares of Ceuta Number 3 and Alhucemas under the command of major Gerardo Figuerola, are about to launch an onslaught against Las Malagueñas hill (where the Republican advanced command post is located) which will take place at 13:00 h and will be stopped for some hours by the Alcoyanos, which will pounce en masse on them, opening fire at will, and managing to avoid for some hours the encircling manoeuver attempted by the very hard Sáenz of Buruaga´s Moroccan soldiers and slowing very much the advance of the other two Francoist columns.
Both the patent stress and anxiety visible in the image are huge.
Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, in the same way as the other militiaman chief appearing in the other aforementioned picture and in which we discovered a year ago the head of Gerda Taro in the left border of the image, is reporting the militiamen - mostly from Alcoy - that Francoist troops are going to attack them soon and that they will try to wipe them out and fall on their comrades militiamen and loyalist to the Republic soldiers defending the crest and south slope of Torreárboles, so they must hold at any cost their onslaughts in Finca of Villa Alicia and cover the rearguard of their companions.
The atmosphere becomes unbreathable for the men appearing in the image, who are listening to Enrique Vañó Nicomedes speech.
They know innerly that most of them are going to die, as will happen during the late evening of this September 5, 1936, in which they will be finally routed by the Francoist troops after a stubborn defense of many hours.
The very nature of these clashes - very different to the massive battles from 1937 like Brunete, El Ebro, etc- makes that the Finca of Villa Alicia is with difference the most dangerous zone in the whole battle, for it is the encircling manoeuver area to capture the important Torreárboles hill, Franco still has scarce effectives in Andalusia (albeit he greatly makes up for it, because the troops he is using in the south of Spain are the cream of the Army of Africa) and parameters of ruthless African colonnial warfare based on the infiltration of small units within enemy territory are applied, so it is usual not to take prisoners.
The attacking Francoist troops feature a lot of previous combat experience, with commanders who have been fighting in Morocco for almost twenty years, being able to adapt to any unexpected contingency that can arise, always with the great advantage of the very high combat morale of the legionnaries and Moroccan tabors of Regulares, which are able to extend the front lines and rectify them according to battle circumstances through their exceedingly swift encircling manoeuvers and their remarkable accuracy with medium and long range shots with their 7 x 57 mm caliber Mauser rifles and mosquetones, without forgetting that they always try to reduce the distance with the enemy for the hand to hand combat.
Nobody wants to fight with fixed bayonets against the dreaded troops of the Army of Africa.
Vast majority of the militiamen listening to Enrique Vañó Nicomedes are very worried. They fear for their lives.
Until a few weeks before, the men depicted in the picture have earned their lives working in the most common occupations, suffering very hard labour conditions, both them and their wives, in usual contexts of exploitation, miserable sanitary and hygienic conditions, widespread lack of security measures, exceedingly low salaries, a lot of non paid overtime under the steadfast threat of being sacked at the least glimpse of protest, exhausting working days from dawn to dusk, mainly within the rural scope, and frequent presence of children working both in the countryside and the big cities and villages.
Logically, they are afraid of dying, the movie of their lives is quickly passing inside their heads at the moment. They think about their most beloved relatives and friends, sweat springs up in a gush, and stress increases to the utmost, in the same way as hatred.
Robert Capa captures this moment with his customary mastery. He is in the suitable place at the appropriate moment, and the nearest feasible.
There are a lot of militiamen clearly showing maximum levels of uncertainty and fidgety on their countenances and attitude.
Pay attention to the militiaman from CNT visible on the lower left half of the photograph, having an absent gaze and very deep introspection, with his left arm stretched and his left hand leaned on the barrel.
Or the militiaman on the middle area of the lower half of the image (of whom we can only see his head with the anarchist cap - partially lit by sun beams - and his upper back ). He does know what is approaching, has closed his eyes and is likewise probably thinking of his relations, while just on his right, another militiaman from Alcoy wearing an anarchist cap, highly jittery, joins the fingers of both hands and rubs his nails while he looks at Capa.
We can also see several men who appear in some of the other aforementioned pictures, made by Capa and Gerda Taro in this same day, place and moment and discovered and located by elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com:
On the lower left vertex of the image appears an Andalusian civil combatant wearing a clear beret and unsleeved dark waistcoat, who is looking upward in the direction of the speaker. He has a blanket resting on his left shoulder, and a shotgun hanging from its leather strap and whose two barrels are partially visible behind his head.
Just above him, there´s a militiaman belonging to CNT or FAi from Alcoy. He is wearing the typical anarchist cap and is clad in a dark overalls. A large white handkerchief is wrapped around his neck. This man also appears on the upper half of a photograph whose authorship and location where it was made were discovered by elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com in:
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2011/04/cerro-muriano-identification-and.html
and is on the upper left area of page 727 of the Illustrated London News of October 24, 1936.
On the other hand, this man also appears in the right half of another picture whose authorship and location were discovered by elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com and which was originally published in the book ROBERT CAPA Cuadernos de Guerra en España (1936-1939) of the Colección Imagen, Sala Parpalló Diputación Provincial de Valencia Edicions Alfons El Magnànim Institució Valenciana D´ Estudis I Investigació de 1987, though inside the book, the caption of the photograph explains wrongly that the image was made in Madrid in 1936 (an understandable error, not only because of the very complex identification and location, but also because the very tight framing and the look upwards of both militiamen makes one think that it is a meeting in a big city), and which really corresponds to the series made by Capa and Taro in the Finca of Villa Alicia, 1 km away from Cerro Muriano village, in the southwest, on September 5, 1936, as was proved by elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com on July 12, 2011:
http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com.es/2011/07/cerro-muriano-new-photograph-made-by.html
On the other hand, in the new picture made by Capa and just found and located, in which Enrique Vañó Nicomedes appears delivering a harangue to the militiamen trying that they pluck up courage before the combat, on the right border of the image, with a lorry just behind his back, we can see a militiaman from Alcoy with a clear blanket on his left shoulder. He is with his head down and pensive - maybe already unaware of the boosting words that are being pronounced by the militiaman chief from an elevated position - he is standing on the big barrel - , fully knowing that they´re going to fight soon against the dreaded professional troops of the Army of Africa.
And on the upper left area of the border of the image, with the back of his head almost touching a tree, another militiaman is also downhearted and lost in thought.
Simultaneously, another young Anarchist militiaman located in the lower right vertex of the picture and on whose Anarchist cap are embroidered the letters UHP (Union of Proletarian Brethren) is with his arm resting on the casket, likewise very concerned and thoughtful, and he isn´t looking upwards to Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, but in opposite direction, while a civil Andalusian combatant behind him (wearing a clear shirt and dark beret) has his head down and is scratching his nails because of the fidgets.
Two very young militiamen, who are standing behind the left leg of the anarchist militiaman delivering the speech, are apparently affected by fear. The closest to Enrique Vañó Nicomedes is wearing clear clothes and his anarchist cap appears just under the speaker´s left hand. He gazes absently and anguish is reflected on his face, while the exceedingly young militiaman - being around 15 or 16 years old - behind him is experiencing very high levels of anxiety and inevitable panic visible on his countenance.
The civil Andalusian combatant with clear beret just in front of the left area of the big white handkerchief of the anarchist militiaman on the left border of the picture, isn´t looking at Enrique Vañó Nicomedes either. He´s thoughtful, very aware about the huge and imminent danger of death.
Therefore, this photograph - in the same way as many others- proves utterly once more, something that was already known: that Robert Capa didn´t come in 1936 to Córdoba or any other area of Spain to make fakes or use "truquillos" (tricks), but - among many other things - to very often risk his own life to get the best possible pictures, such as happens in this image and the rest of photographs of the series, in which Capa is in the most dangerous zone during that day.
On the other hand, the groundless accusation that Robert Capa himself is the man on far left of the image, posing raising his left arm holding a rifle on a trench in one of the pictures of the series taken in Espejo must be discarded and is absolutely false, because in September 1936 Bob is 23 years old and the man appearing in that photograph wearing a white shirt - The Falling Soldier - is more mature and his age is around 40 years old, in the same way that it is utterly proved that none of the eleven men posing raising their rifles on such a trench in the outskirts of Espejo can be Enrique Vañó Nicomedes, because the latter wasn´t in Espejo (location where the picture of the militiamen on the trench was taken) but in Cerro Muriano,where he arrived on August 10, 1936 in command (together with the second lieutenant Melquíades Valiente) of the contingent of the Alcoy column which on August 9, 1936 departed from Pedro Abad to Cerro Muriano, while the other contingent under the command of lieutenant Roberto García marched to Espejo.
Coming back to the point, the hard image published on page 3 of Number 15 Volume III of Weekly Illustrated magazine of October 10, 1936 - much more frightful than it can seem at a first quick glance - is a very valuable and hugely dramatic photojournalistic document, very faithfully and accurately depicting what war really is, which has been masterfully captured by Robert Capa, with a very representative and highly informative photograph, full of compromise, which follows the photojournalistic basic principles set forth forty years after this September 5, 1936 by Cliff Edom, Professor of Photojournalism at Missouri University, in his work Photojournalism from 1976.
Copyright José Manuel Serrano Esparza. LHSA
Inscribed in the Territorial Registry of the Intellectual Property of Madrid.