jueves, 11 de mayo de 2017

Susan Meiselas en Córdoba: Gran Éxito de la Exposición Nicaragua durante la XV Bienal Internacional de Fotografía

ENGLISH

Uno de los platos fuertes de la XV Bienal Internacional de Fotografía de Córdoba ha sido sin duda la exposición Nicaragua de la gran fotógrafa de la Agencia Magnum Susan Meiselas, que desde el 23 de marzo hasta el 7 de mayo de 2017 ha tenido como sede el Centro de Arte Rafael Botí de Córdoba (c/ Manríquez, 5),


con una masiva afluencia diaria de público que ha disfrutado de la observación en directo de fotografías en gran tamaño pertenecientes al mítico reportaje realizado por la reportera estadounidense en el país centroamericano entre junio de 1978 y julio de 1979 durante la revolución sandinista contra la dictadura de Anastasio Somoza.


Nicaragua constituye una de las cimas diacrónicas del fotoperiodismo de guerra a nivel mundial, tanto por la calidad de sus imágenes (captadas por Susan Meiselas con una cámara telemétrica Leica M4 analógica formato 24 x 36 mm y película diapositiva color Kodachrome 64 — además de otra cámara Leica M2 con la que utilizaó película de blanco y negro Kodak Tri-X 400— desde una enorme proximidad al epicentro de los combates o a instantes definitorios protagonizados por habitantes de pueblos y zonas rurales) como por el hecho de que constituyó una crónica gráfica bélica de fotografía de acción pionera en el uso del color, un auténtico hito documental que tuvo una enorme trascendencia como punto de inflexión que marcó el devenir de las revistas ilustradas a partir de la década de los ochenta (alcanzándose unos soberbios niveles cualitativos de reproducción de las imágenes sobre papel a partir del uso de diapositivas profesionales en fotomecánica e impresión, optimizando todas y cada una de las fases esbozadas por J.S.Mertle y Gordon L. Monsen en 1957) y cuya influencia pervive todavía en el siglo XXI, inmersos ya en plena era digital.

Todo ello es pues muy relevante, porque hasta el reportaje Nicaragua de Susan Meiselas en 1978 y 1979 el color se reservaba normalmente para las páginas publicitarias de las revistas ilustradas y la fotografía comercial.
Es cierto que las Kodachrome color habían sido utilizadas desde mediados de los años treinta y década de los cuarenta, destacando entre otras:

- Las Kodachrome ASA 10 de 35 mm expuestas por Charles Cushman con su Contax II de paisajes por todo Estados Unidos a partir de 1938.

- Las Kodachromes ASA 10 de 35 mm expuestas por Walter Bosshard en 1938 con su Leica III en montura de rosca captando a Mao Tse-Tung así como a un soldado de las tropas comunistas y un grupo de veinte soldados en la ciudad de Yan´an al noroeste de China y que fueron publicadas por la revista Life en su número 8 de agosto de 1938.

- Cuatro Kodachromes ASA 10 de 35 mm expuestas por Robert Capa con su Contax II en Hankou el 19 de julio de 1938 justo después del bombardeo de la ciudad por la aviación japonesa y que fueron publicadas por Life en doble página a todo color en su número del 17 de octubre de 1938.

- Las Kodachrome gran formato 4 x 5 utilizadas por los fotógrafos de la Farm Security Administration de Estados Unidos durante la segunda mitad de los años treinta y primera mitad de los cuarenta, entre ellas el famoso retrato de la familia Jack Whinery hecho por Russell Lee en Pie Town, New México, en 1940; los soberbios retratos de trabajadores inmigrantes ilegales hechos por Arthur Rothstein en 1942 en Robstown, Texas y Pie Town, New Mexico; las fotos de limpiadoras de locomotoras almorzando hechas por Jack Delano en Chicago y Iowa en 1943.

- La portada del número de marzo de 1950 de la revista Ladies´ Home Journal con fotografía de Ruth Orkin de una mujer joven en una frutería; etc).

Y durante la década de los cincuenta, la película Kodachrome fue utilizada también por Wayne Miller, Alfred Eisenstaedt, Inge Morath, Burt Glinn, René Burri, Georg Rodger (Kenya), Elliott Erwitt, Werner Bischof, David Seymour " Chim " y otros.

Pero las fotografías hechas con película Kodachrome fueron abrumadoramente inferiores en número a las realizadas en blanco y negro, que fue la elección común en los reportajes fotográficos hasta principios de los años ochenta, además de ser imágenes notablemente estáticas debido a la muy baja sensibilidad de dichas emulsiones de 35 mm — entre ISO 8, 10, 12, 16 y 25 — hasta la aparición de la Kodachrome-X ISO 64 (fabricada entre 1962 y 1974) y la Kodachrome 64 (producida a partir de 1974), por lo que la eclosión del color como medio habitual fotográfico en las páginas de las mejores revistas ilustradas llegó fundamentalmente con William Egglestone, Ernst Haas, Joel Meyerowitz, Larry Burrows, Harry Gruyaert, Alex Webb y Susan Meiselas, siendo el reportaje Nicaragua el que más influencia ejerció para su plena difusión a partir de principios de los años ochenta.



Miembros del FSLN practican el lanzamiento de bombas de contacto en el bosque que rodea el barrio de Monimbó, Masaya, en el Departamento de Jinotega, al norte de Nicaragua. Llevan máscaras de danza tradicional indígena para ocultar su identidad.

Uno de ellos es Justo Román González, popularmente conocido como "Tarzán", que falleció en Nicaragua el 24 de Junio del año pasado.


Durante los cuarenta y seis días en que ha sido albergada por el Centro de Arte Rafael Botí de Córdoba, esta histórica y muy importante exhibición ha atraído muchos miles de personas de todas las edades y procedencias, suscitando muy elevados niveles de interés,


realzados por la notable calidad de las copias fotográficas elaboradas a partir de las diapositivas originales Kodachrome 64 expuestas por Susan Meiselas en Nicaragua entre junio de 1978 y julio de 1979. Fotografías cuyos colores y tonos son con bastante mayor frecuencia tenues y contenidos que vívidos, lo cual genera a veces imágenes ligeramente irreales con efecto pictórico


26 de agosto de 1978. Primer día de insurrección popular.

En esta gran fotografía puede apreciarse la escasez de medios del FSLN, uno de cuyos integrantes aparece en imagen con pañuelo rojo y armado únicamente con una pistola.


A destacar también la impresionante precisión en el timing por parte de Susan Meiselas al apretar el botón liberador del obturador de su cámara Leica M4 con película color Kodachrome 64 (que utilizó en Nicaragua simultáneamente con otra Leica M con película de blanco y negro Kodak Safety Film 5063, es decir, Kodak Tri-X 400), captando magistralmente el movimiento del guerrillero en plena carrera con el arma corta en su mano izquierda, mientras todo el peso del cuerpo descansa sobre su pierna y pie derechos, al tiempo que su pie izquierdo está en el aire y aparece trémulo (al igual que el resto de su cuerpo de cintura para arriba) gracias a la baja velocidad de obturación y gran profundidad de campo obtenidas por la fotógrafa mediante el uso de la técnica hiperfocal que permite conseguir muy buena nitidez desde la mitad de la distancia mínima de enfoque hasta el infinito enfocando el objetivo a la distancia hiperfocal, usando la escala de distancias y profundidades de campo con objetivos angulares (24, 28 y 35 mm) y standard (50 mm) que son los más adecuados para utilizar este recurso, a diferencia de los teleobjetivos a partir de 75 mm cuya distancia hiperfocal queda bastante lejana.

Ello confiere a la imagen un espectacular dinamismo que contrasta con la posición estática tanto de la mujer como el hombre visibles al fondo en la parte superior izquierda de la fotografía y que se hallan de pie junto a la puerta de sus casas observando lo que ocurre.

Por otra parte, las líneas luminosas de encuadre de la Leica M son muy útiles a la hora de crear este tipo de imágenes fotoperiodísticas de guerra en las que el fotógrafo/a está muy próximo a la acción arriesgando su vida, ya que este clásico sistema de visionado mecánico de enorme complejidad constructiva, con muy alto coste de producción y proyección con máscaras metálicas de las líneas luminosas de demarcación de distintas focales del sistema Leica M permite ver lo que ocurre fuera de las marcas de encuadre en el momento del acto fotográfico


Una mujer de Monimbó lleva el cadáver de su marido a casa para enterrarlo en el jardín trasero. Masaya, 1979.

Otra gran fotografía en la que se muestra de modo vívido la miseria y drama que acompaña a seres humanos que viven en países cuya población civil está permanentemente sumida en la pobreza, en medio de un caos social y económico imperante.

Una vez más, la sabia elección por parte de la fotógrafa del momento adecuado para apretar el botón disparador de su cámara Leica M4 mirrorless con telémetro es fundamental en una imagen cuyos ingredientes principales son la cotidiana presencia de la muerte en la Nicaragua de finales de los años setenta así como la incertidumbre y angustia permanentes reflejadas en la expresión facial de la mujer que camina descalza y está mirando hacia su derecha, probablemente pendiente de algún contexto de lucha próximo, intentando anticiparse a cualquier posible peligro, ya que la zona a su izquierda es a priori menos peligrosa al estar ocupada por zona boscosa.

En otro orden de cosas, la mítica diapositiva color Kodachrome 64, con diferencia la mejor emulsión fotográfica jamás fabricada, muestra aquí todo su esplendor, obteniendo una extraordinaria nitidez, una reproducción muy natural de las más recónditas sutilezas de los colores, una prácticamente total ausencia de grano y un impresionante rango dinámico para la época de aproximadamente ocho diafragmas, así como una espectacular traducción del color del vestido rojo de la mujer, los verdes de la tupida vegetación del fondo, la textura de las cuerdas que atan el cadáver, etc.

Pese a la polémica suscitada en su momento, el tiempo ha demostrado que el uso de la película Kodachrome 64 por Susan Meiselas para hacer su reportaje Nicaragua fue un pleno acierto, ya que las condiciones de luz existentes habitualmente en dicho país son muy buenas, con un sol radiante, muy adecuado para el uso de una película de baja sensibilidad para luz día por antonomasia y para generar impacto enmarcado por el colorido inherente a este país centroamericano y que forma parte de su atávica idiosincrasia y cultura.

Además, en 1978, año en que Susan Meiselas inicia su reportaje Nicaragua, la diapositiva Kodachrome 64 — lanzada al mercado en 1974 — es con diferencia la mejor emulsión en color del mundo (aunque en realidad se trata de una película de blanco y negro en la que los copulantes de color amarillo, magenta y cian no están incluidos en sus tres capas de captación sensibilizadas para los tres colores básicos, sino que son añadidos durante tres revelados separados de color que generan azul, verde y rojo en dichas capas), fruto de una impresionante evolución científica de 42 años cuya génesis fue la película de 35 mm Kodachrome Weston 8 (ASA 10) de 1936 inventada por Leopold Godowsky y Leopold Mannes.

Incluso, 1978 es también el año en que Hiroji Kuboyta hace icónica fotografía de La Roca Dorada en Kyaiktiyo (Birmania), utilizando también película Kodachrome 64, de la que la famosa imagen seleccionada fue el último fotograma del rollo K64 de 35 mm que usó aquel día concreto de la primavera de dicho año

Por otra parte, la tendencia al magenta del K64 es más aceptable y asumible que la tonalidad verdosa del Kodachrome 25, y sobre todo, Kodachrome 64 posee 1.3 diafragma más de velocidad de exposición, algo fundamental a la hora de poder hacer fotos, por mucha luz disponible que exista, ya que una película de muy baja sensibilidad ISO 25 habría sido mucho menos versátil a la hora de poder hacer las fotos.

Susan Meiselas sabía sobradamente que aunque en los tests técnicos K25 superaba ligeramente a K64, en fotografía real las diferencias son apenas perceptibles en cuanto a rango de exposición, ausencia de grano y excelente saturación de colores, más si tenemos en cuenta que en el fotoperiodismo de guerra la perfección técnica de las imágenes no es el factor más importante, sino que lo fundamental es que la foto transmita algo, que tenga impacto, estar en el lugar adecuado en el momento adecuado, aproximarte lo máximo a la persona o personas fotografiadas y la precisión al apretar el botón liberador del obturador de la cámara para captar los instantes más significativos, si bien el inmenso potencial de la Kodachrome 64 a la hora de reproducir las imágenes en color en las mejores revistas ilustradas de la época, sin apenas grano visible, a doble página, portadas o incluso reencuadres selectivos con mínima pérdida de calidad, fue algo muy importante que revolucionaría el mercado editorial y alcanzaría once años después cotas estratosféricas con reportajes hechos con Kodachrome 64 como Mariposas, Cuando la Naturaleza Imita el Arte (Antonio Manzanares) y Antigua Guatemala (Covadonga de Noriega y Juan Antonio Fernández) en el número 91, Año XVI, marzo de 1990 de la revista Periplo (Grupo Editorial Incafo).

Por otra parte, Susan Meiselas subexpuso a veces la película K64 a ISO 80 para obtener matices cromáticos ricamente saturados y contrastes algo más moderados que a la sensibilidad nominal de ISO 64 para obtener máximos niveles de realismo (ya que los biotopos y los seres que los habitan no son tan contrastados ni con azules tan fuertes, rojos tan vívidos y verdes tan exuberantes como los plasmados por posteriores películas diapositivas color E-6 que aparecerían a principios de la década de los noventa como la Fujichrome Velvia 50 — cuya sensibilidad nominal auténtica era de iso 32 —).




Muchachos (nombre con el que se conocía coloquialmente en Nicaragua a los miembros del FSLN) esperando un contraataque de la Guardia Nacional. Matagalpa (capital del departamento del mismo nombre, al noroeste del país). 1978.


Matrimonio procedente de Bélgica contemplando una de las fotografías de la exposición Nicaragua de Susan Meiselas en la primera planta del Centro de Arte Rafael Botí de Córdoba, así como el documental en video Imágenes de una Revolución (realizado por Susan Meiselas, Richard P. Rogers y Alfred Guzzetti en 1989, diez años después de hacer su famoso reportaje fotográfico), comercializado en 1991 y que también formó parte de la exhibición.

La presencia de público fue muy abundante durante todos y cada uno de los días de esta histórica muestra, no sólo españoles sino también amantes de la fotografía procedentes de muchos otros países.


Las fuerzas populares inician la ofensiva final en Masaya. 8 de junio de 1979.

Esta es una de las más famosas fotografías hechas por Susan Meiselas en Nicaragua y una imagen icónica en la que aparece un hombre joven perteneciente al FSLN con un rifle de cerrojo del calibre 22 en pleno fragor de los combates, señalando una posición de la Guardia Nacional.

La fotógrafa realiza un magistral tiro frontal desde muy corta distancia, consiguiendo pasar totalmente desapercibida, sin que el protagonista de la acción detecte su presencia.


Diez años después. Fotograma del documental Imágenes de una Revolución (1991), en el que Susan Meiselas vuelve en 1989 a los lugares donde hizo sus fotografías del reportaje Nicaragua entre junio de 1978 y julio de 1979, con una cámara Leica M distinta a la que utilizó entonces.

En esta fase de la película, la fotógrafa pide ayuda y pregunta por el paradero del hombre al que captó en Masaya el 8 de junio de 1979 con un rifle del calibre 22 en su mano izquierda y tomando parte en la lucha.


Susan Meiselas lleva en su mano el libro Nicaragua, publicado en 1981 por la editorial Pantheon, y que incluye una selección de 71 fotografías hechas durante su año de estancia en dicho país centroamericano cubriendo la lucha del FSLN contra la Guardia Nacional somozista en 1978 y 1979.

Comienza a entablar diálogo con un muchacho adolescente


al que muestra la foto del hombre al que fotografió rifle en mano diez años atrás.


Le pregunta si le conoce


y resulta ser su tío Augusto,


al que identifica, afirmando que está ahora más envejecido.


Los muchachos avisan a Augusto, que reconoce a Susan Meiselas diez años después.


El ex combatiente del FSLN comenta que pese a que está más viejo, sigue siendo el mismo. Y aparece con su mujer.


Tras acabar la guerra, ha creado una familia y ahora tiene 6 hijos. Susan Meiselas le felicita por ello Están a punto de producirse instantes de enorme intensidad emocional.


La fotógrafa sujeta con su mano derecha una Leica M6 telemétrica con objetivo Summicron-M 35 mm f/2 versión 4 pre asférico de 7 elementos en 5 grupos y diafragma de 10 palas diseñado por Walter Mandler, fabricado en Leitz Midland, Ontario (Canadá) y acoplado a parasol rectangular de plástico 12524.

La concentración de Susan Meiselas es máxima, ya que este hombre, su mujer y sus seis hijos son muy importantes para ella.

Es no sólo una gran fotógrafa sino una antropóloga que consigue una gran empatía con las personas a las que fotografía.

Quiere obtener una buena imagen de toda la familia que está posando feliz para ella. Sabe que su llegada es todo un acontecimiento y que Augusto se halla dichoso.

La fotógrafa sujeta con su mano izquierda una cámara Polaroid con la que a menudo hace fotos que regala y una carpeta grande con imágenes en papel que aprieta con su antebrazo contra su costado para evitar que se caiga, haciendo un notable esfuerzo por conseguir un equilibrio lo mejor posible, con ambos pies firmemente asentados sobre el suelo — en una posición similar a la de Henri Cartier-Bresson en La Habana, Cuba, en 1963, aunque bastante más flexionada e inclinada hacia adelante, en condiciones mucho más incómodas— , disparando a una mano con enorme habilidad y sacando el máximo partido de la ausencia de espejo basculante de la muy pequeña y ligera cámara mirrorless formato 24 x 36 mm que minimiza el riesgo de trepidación en simbiosis con las muy reducidas dimensiones (26.5 mm de longitud) y peso (160 g) del mencionado objetivo caracterizado por su soberbia corrección de la distorsión, excelente calidad de imagen producida y una gran construcción mecánica con helicoidal de enfoque manual de latón que permite su uso durante muchas décadas.

El fuerte carácter y determinación de la fotógrafa son palpables en la posición de la cámara Leica M6 que está totalmente paralela al suelo, firmemente agarrada con su mano derecha en el momento en que hace la foto.


El ex combatiente del FSLN posando para Susan Meiselas con toda su familia en 1989, diez años después de la foto que le hizo durante la Guerra de Nicaragua.



Graffiti en la pared de una casa del barrio de Monimbó (Masaya) aludiendo a la desaparición de Norman González, secuestrado y asesinado por la Guardia Nacional de la dictadura somozista. 1978


Dos asistentes a la exposición junto a otra de las fotografías de Susan Meiselas en la que aparecen varios guerrilleros del FSLN que se abrazan en la Plaza Central de Managua, rebautizada como Plaza de la Revolución, el 20 de julio de 1979.


Soldados de la Guardia Nacional prisioneros de guerra en Sébaco (ciudad del Departamento de Matagalpa ubicada al noroeste del país, a 103 km de la capital). 1979


Visitante de la exposición Nicaragua de Susan Meiselas camina hacia otra sala con más fotografías, tras contemplar la imagen captada por la fotoperiodista norteamericana en 1979 cerca de la Plaza Central de Managua, rebautizada como " Plaza de la Revolución" y en la que se aprecia a varios guerrilleros del FSLN (uno de ellos armado con un revólver) a bordo de un autobús.


Miembros del FSLN en San Isidro (pueblo del Departamento de Matagalpa, a 117 km de Managua) una hora después de su captura. 1979


Uno de los muchos asistentes a la exposición Nicaragua de Susan Meiselas en el Centro de Arte Rafael Botí de Córdoba contempla con atención la fotografía hecha por la fotógrafa estadounidense en Jinotepe (suroeste de Nicaragua, en el Departamento de Carazo, a 46 km de Managua, durante la procesión fúnebre por varios líderes estudiantiles asesinados.

Los manifestantes llevan una fotografía de Arlen Siu, guerrillera del FSLN, asesinada en 1975 por la Guardia Nacional somozista en El Sauce (Departamento de León, a 177 km de Managua, y situado al oeste del país).


Guerrillero del FSLN junto a una calle del distrito comercial de Masaya, destruido después de tres días de bombardeo. 1978.

Una vez más, la película Kodachrome 64 de 35 mm muestra su carácter cualitativo referencial, destacando en esta imagen la imbatible gran profundidad de negros inherente al ADN b & w de esta emulsión ciertamente de ensueño y completamente distinta a todas las demás diapositivas color fabricadas hasta la fecha.


Una visitante de la exposición contempla en pantalla el testimonio de un ex combatiente del FSLN (entrevistado por Susan Meiselas en 1989, durante el rodaje del documental Imágenes de una Revolución y que es el mismo guerrillero que aparece diez años antes tras la mujer con sombrero en primer plano en el centro de la fotografía hecha en 1979 a miembros del FSLN en San Isidro, pueblo del Departamento de Matagalpa, a 117 km de Managua, una hora después de su captura) que expresa su decepción y reconoce que tras la guerra de Nicaragua en 1978-1979, hubo momentos en que no se sintió bien siendo sandinista, ya que los objetivos sociales y económicos de la Revolución en gran medida no se vieron cumplidos con el paso del tiempo y la mayoría de los nicaragüenses continuaron viviendo de modo similar a como lo habían hecho antes de la insurrección popular y el derrocamiento del régimen del dictador Anastasio Somoza.


Manifestación estudiantil desmantelada por la Guardia Nacional usando gas lacrimógeno. Managua, junio de 1978.

Texto y Fotos: José Manuel Serrano Esparza

lunes, 24 de abril de 2017

The Gardens of the Combatants of La Nueve Inaugurated: Madrid City Council Pays Homage to Their Brave Deeds

SPANISH

The inauguration of the Gardens of La Nueve (the Spanish Republicans of the 9th Company of general Leclerc´s 2nd Armoured Division who liberated Paris on August 24, 1944) in Ciudad Lineal (Madrid) took place on Thursday April 20, 2017,


a very touching and historical act attended by Anne Hidalgo (Mayor of Paris), Manuela Carmena (Mayor of Madrid), Rafael Gómez Nieto (last survivor of La Nueve), the daughter of Luis Royo (penultimate combatant of La Nueve, sadly demised eight months ago, on August 23, 2016, and who couldn´t attend the event as it would have been his wish), Colette Dronne Flandrin (daughter of captain Raymond Dronne, commander of La Nueve), Evelyn Mesquida (the journalist that after a ten years arduous research all over France — between 1998 and 2008 — unveiled the secret hidden throughout almost seventy years), Jean-Paul Gómez (Rafael Gómez Nieto´s son) and his sister, María José Cortés (daughter of sergeant José Cortés, who was wounded along with lieutenant Elías during the attack of La Nueve against the telephone central office building), Mary Luz Cariño (daughter of Cariño López, the famous gunner of La Nueve), Carmen Blanc (granddaughter of the chief sergeant José Zubieta, who entered Paris inside the Guadalajara M3 armoured half-track), the daughter and granddaughter of Sánchez Escudero (who entered Paris inside the HT España Cañí) and other many relatives of dead members of La Nueve (also arrived from France for the occasion), Véronique Salou Olivares (President of the 24 Août 1944 Association), Daniel Pinos Barrieras (Member of the 24 Août 1944 Association), Jesús Hernández Salinas (Member of the 24 Août 1944 Association), the components of the C. La Nueve Cultural and Historical Association (who has devoted itself to reenact the history of La Nueve since January 2001 and whose men wear the same uniforms used by La Nueve soldiers in 1944 and 1945, together with original badges), personalities of politics and culture, as well as the most important graphic and online media and a numerous presence of radio and TV channels.


Preliminary minutes before the unforgettable event. The great number of attendees — many of them having travelled from France — being relatives of members of La Nueve (all of them but one already passed away) have started sitting prior to the Inauguration Ceremony and Homage to the Spanish Republicans of La Nueve who Liberated Paris on August 24, 1944.

One of them, appearing backwards in the foreground, has written on the back of his T-shirt the name Rafael Gómez 9th Company, referring to the last alive Spanish Republican combat of La Nueve, whose presence in the act has been announced for some days.

It´s roughly 11:45 h of April 20, 2017 in Madrid, a glittering spring morning in which an unutterable mélange of exceedingly strong emotions and remembrances is going to emerge, accurately summarizing the 73 years elapsed since the Spanish Republicans of the 9th Company (known as La Nueve) of general Leclerc´s 2nd Armoured Division freed Paris.


Evelyn Mesquida, top expert in the world on La Nueve and a journalist from Alicante (Spain), who was correspondent of Tiempo magazine in Paris throughout 20 years, during the arrangements of the act, a few minutes before it and with the very abundant attendant audience already overcrowding the area of inauguration of the monolith in memory of La Nueve and its surroundings.

After ten years of arduous research all over France between 1998 and 2008, Evelyn Mesquida was the writer who with his 304 page book La Nueve: Los Españoles que Liberaron París (Ediciones B, S.A) disclosed the feat of the Spanish Republicans who were really the first ones who went into Paris on August 24, 1944 and liberated the city, getting the surrender of the German troops defending it

A fact that was concealed for almost seventy years, until the findings made by this outstanding reporter following a huge investigation effort that began in 1998, the testimony of seven survivors of La Nueve (and two further ones belonging to another company but always going with them) she managed to speak with and whose very valuable information she was able to garner, the myriad of all kind of irrefutable evidence, the data provided by the Spanish relatives of the members of La Nueve and mostly resident in France and the French public opinion which finally showed solidarity with the courage and mettle of these men, their suffering in two wars and their subsequent ostracism, made the French president François Hollande proclaim in a televised speech broadcast to the whole country on August 25, 2014, that the first soldiers entering Paris and who truly liberated the city on August 24, 1944 from the German occupation were the Spaniards of La Nueve (9th Company of general Leclerc´s 2nd Armoured Division of the Free France).


Almost three quarters of a century after La Nueve entered Paris and following a lot of decades of oblivion and abandonment, La Nueve is about to bolster up its recognition in France which was bestowed around ten years ago with this inauguration of the Gardens of La Nueve in Madrid, as a matter of fact meaning the homage of Spain to the unboundless bravery of the Spanish soldiers of La Nueve (a combat unit whose steady hallmark was its very high percentage of casualties in each battle, always being on the frontline, the constant comradeship heroic episodes, the commendable stoutheartedness in the face of adversity of these men who had been defeated during the Spanish Civil War, humiliated in 1939 when they crossed the French frontier towards exile and were interned in concentration camps, and who, in spite of it, had the grit of keeping on fighting in other fronts against Fascism throughout six more years, within a French military unit during the Second World War.

It´s a context ruled by the joy of ending a very unfair oblivion and nonchalance once and for all and give these stalwart men who couldn´t return to Spain (their country of birth that they didn´t forget and went on yearning and loving), the recognition and respect deserved by those ones who after having fought against some Panzer SS divisions, other high level Panzer divisions and Fallschirmjäger divisions, had to provide for their families mostly in rather hard conditions, fighting tooth and nail to give them the best possible education and future, that they learnt French language as soon as feasible and managed to integrate their wives and children into the Franch society, with the immense sorrow of not being able to see the land where they were born again.

But throughout the whole event, that elation for the definitive recognition of La Nueve in the Spanish capital is going to be making up an indisssoluble osmosis with peak levels of emotional intensity, indelible memories of an entire life in France, all sort of personal and familiar stories, a number of loved ones who died without being able to see that recognition, organizations like the 24 Août 1944 Association which has fulfilled a discreet and highly praiseworthy work to help strengthen the memory of La Nueve for many years, broken families after the Spanish Civil War, very painful exiles, Spanish fathers and mothers who after the Second World War had to work very hard in France in the most different occupations to feed their offspring.

Maryluz Cariño (daughter of Cariño López, famous gunner of La Nueve) and María José Cortés (daughter of sergeant José Cortés) also arrived from France to honour the memory of their fathers and La Nueve occupying seats of preference in the first row.

This is a story which far exceeds the political ideology of every one, since the historic and above all human dimension of this heroic deed is breathtaking.

They´re complete families who have endured for many decades, with laudable composure and dignity the shunning, the abasement, the contempt, the small-minded unconcern, watching how vast majority of La Nueve men have been dying, to such an extent that the day in which this homage act is held on April 20, 2017, out of the 150 Spanish Republicans from the unit, only one is alive.

It´s no wonder that there´s a massive presence of the most significant communication media, who have discerned the great historical and social importance of this event and the human tragedy preceding it.

Many of the attendees are wearing sunglasses because vivid emotions are foreseen. And they aren´t wrong.

Remembrances begin to gather in the minds of many of the present ones, broken lives who finally weren´t, because today a lot of persons who fell and stood up once and again have met here, following the example of the men of La Nueve who were their parents, grandfathers or uncles and of whom they are so proud.

The elapsed years are too many. Almost three generations. The sons and daughters of Spanish Republicans of La Nueve (anarchists from the CNT and FAI, socialists, affiliates of the POUM, persons with Republican ideas, and very few communists) who fought for the first time in the Spanish Civil War and then in France during the Second World War are now between 60 and 80 years old and their grandsons and granddaughters are beyond 40.

And at this stage of the game, there isn´t here any resentment whatsoever.

Simply common sense and a minimum of humanity, because with the third decade of the XXI Century being about to start, it would have been very shameful and untenable not give these humble men featuring immense courage and gallantry in the face of adversity the recognition they were worthy of and that from now on is going to appear in history books, movies, documentary films, historic novels, archives, etc, with golden letters, without excluding the possibility that more things on La Nueve can be known in future.

Evelyn Mesquida welcoming Anne Hidalgo (Mayor of Paris) and Manuela Carmena (Mayor of Madrid) on their arrival at the act, while an RTVE camera operator records the meeting.

The audience is already overcrowding the area in which the event is about to start.


Anne Hidalgo, Mayor of Paris, granddaughter of forcibly exiled Spanish Republicans and a woman featuring remarkable altruism and humanity, has been another of the major figures in obtaining international recognition for La Nueve, a labour in which she has been strenuously working since 2004 in order that the history be written as it really was, granting the Spanish Republicans of La Nueve and the many other thousands of Spaniards who fought with the French troops during the Second World War their rightful place.

Her presence in the act was very meaningful and symbolic.


Two deluxe guests to the inauguration ceremony of the Jardines de la Nueve in Ciudad Lineal (Madrid): the daughter of Luis Royo (penultimate combatant of La Nueve, who passed away on August 23, 2016 at the Paul Brosse Hospital in Villejuif, Isle of France, Valley of Marne Department) and Colette Dronne Flandrin (daughter of captain Raymond Dronne, commander of La Nueve).

It´s a simultaneously moving and heartrending scene,


reaching its climax when Luis Royo´s daughter, sitting between Anne Hidalgo and Colette Dronne Flandrin draws out the metallic urn containing the ashes of her father, demised only eight months ago, which she has brought from France and is going to be present during the whole ceremony, located by the monolith in remembrance of La Nueve, to be subsequently taken to La Almudena Cemetery.


Manuela Carmena (Mayor of Madrid) apparently thrilled, next to Anne Hidalgo (Mayor of Paris), Luis Royo´s daughter and Colette Dronne Flandrin.

The initiative of Madrid Town Council to celebrate this recognition to La Nueve with the inauguration of the gardens bearing its name in Ciudad Lineal along with the monolith, was a historical milestone whose relevance will be beefed up as time goes by.


Rafael Gómez Nieto, being 96 years old, the last survivor of La Nueve.

Born in Adra (Almería) on January 29, 1921, he was mobilized in Barcelona in 1938 being only 17 years old, belonging to the riflemen corps, until he had to run away to France in 1939, after which he spent four months in the concentration camps of Barcarés and Saint Cyprien, managing to escape to Oran (Algeria), where he enlisted in general Leclerc´s 2nd Armoured Division, taking part in abundant combats in France (including the entrance in Paris on August 24, 1944) and Germany in 1944 and 1945, being driver of two armoured half-tracks: the M3 Guernica with an American towed 57 mm cannon (1944) and the M3 Don Quichote from november 1944 during La Nueve offensive in Alsace that would result in the conquest of Strasbourg.

After the Second World War he came back to Algeria, working as a cobbler till 1955, year in which he returned to France and rebuilt his life with his wife in the French urban community of Lingolsheim, at a distance of six kilometers from Strasbourg centre, where he started to work in a factory of bearings for cars, subsequently taking advantage of his previous experience with engines to get a mechanic degree, working for many years in the automobile firm Citröen.


The Légion d´Honneur, highest French decoration, awarded to Rafael Gómez Nieto in 2012, shining on his chest along with the Spanish Republica flag and the badge of general Leclerc´s 2nd Armoured Division of the Free France to which La Nueve belonged.

He´s likewise holder of the French Cross of War, the United States Presidential Unit Citation and the Great Vermeille Medal of Paris Town Hall.


Colette Dronne Flagrin warmly hugging Rafael Gómez Nieto.

In the memory, the recollection of other prominent combatants of La Nueve like Luis Royo, Manuel Fernández, sergeant Garcés, second lieutenant Elías, the private first class Daniel Campos, sergeant Fábregas, the sub-lieutenant Federico Moreno (in command of the first section of La Nueve in the HT Don Quijote), the gunner Cariño López (a fisher of barnacles who died in Paris without being able to come back to his hometown in Galicia, Spain, and on being said by his son that seafood had extinguished there, his answer was " I do know where it is " ), the lieutenant Amado Granell Mesado, the officer Martín Bernal, sergeant Fermín Pujol, Víctor Lantes, Antonio Gutiérrez and many others.


Another hugely poignant instant: Anne Hidalgo fondly caresses the left cheek of Rafael Gómez Nieto, the last survivor of La Nueve, accompanied by her daughter.


But this has only just begun and a tremendous collective shivering, lumps in the throat galore and moments of irrepressible emotion start to unleash.

Daniel Pinos Barrieras (Member of the 24 Aôut 1944 Association) reads his speech to the audience in which he abridges with remarkable farsightedness, sensitivity and historical precision the many decades of oblivion regarding the Spanish Republican fighters, their stage of appalling sufferings in the French concentration camps ( Le Barcares, St. Cyprien, Argeles sur Mer, Coullioure, Bram, Rivesaltes, Agde and others) following the end of the Spanish Civil War, their participation in the Second World War always first on the front lines against experienced German troops, their silent and discreet struggle to take care of their families after 1945, their elegant silence throughout all of that time in spite of knowing that they had really been the first ones entering Paris and liberating the city, their self-possession facing exceedingly difficult circumstances beleaguering them during their whole existence, the overcoming of the immense grief and the prioritization of their families, give them an education and their adaptation to French society as a fundamental goal, in a sterling instance of love and unselfishness for their beloved ones, in addition to keeping an unswerving affection for their country, albeit most of them couldn´t ever come back to it throughout almost three generations.


The effect of Daniel Pinos´s words is truly devastating among the packed audience, masterfully describing the plight of La Nueve men since they were defeated in the Spanish Civil War (in which vast majority of them fought being 16 or 17 years old) until the end of the Second World War, their lightning incursion through Paris till reaching the Town Hall on August 24, 1944, bringing about the surrender of general von Choltitz, who doubted before the attack of the M3 half-tracks bearing names of Spanish Civil War battles (Brunete, Guadalajara, Belchite, Santander, Guernica, Madrid) and the Republican Spanish soldiers and decided to give up.

That way, the generation of a Stalingrad like context was avoided, because Hitler had ordered von Choltitz to dynamite the bridges over the Senna river and the most important buildings of the city so that the 20,000 armed German soldiers defending it sheltered behind the debris and fought to the last man, something which would probably had happened if a massive attack with tanks and artillery by general Patton´s III American Army had taken place with aircarft support, a pitched battle house by house that would have greatly destroyed Paris, one of the most beautiful cities in the world and Cosmos heritage.


It has also been mentioned the harsh stage after the Second World War when most of them had to definitely settle in France and face there both their lives and the future of their families, with the added sadness that a number of them died without having been able to come back to Spain, a message that makes a deep impression on some officers of the French Army being descendants of Spanish Republicans and who have likewise travelled thousands of kilometers to be present here today.


The French ambassador Yves Saint-Geours appears in the image visibly affected, in the same way as Rafael Gómez Nieto, whose remembrances of a lifetime build up in his mind in those instants while he carefully listens to Daniel Pinos´s address.


And a time comes when there aren´t any words able to define the feelings popping up among the very large number of attendees when Véronique Salou Olivares, President of the 24 Août 1944 Association reads some words delving even more into the magnitude of the feat and the human stature diachronically accomplished by the Spanish Republicans of La Nueve.


The daughter of Luis Royo (penultimate survivor of La Nueve, who because of his recent demise eight months ago couldn´t fulfill his dream to be present at this ceremony) also addresses the audience, with remarkable poise and doing a major effort to manage to speak and coordinate the utterances, while the metallic urn with the ashes of her father has already been placed at the foot of the monolith in remembrance of La Nueve, to be eventually taken to La Almudena Cemetery, where he will be buried.

Near her, Evelyn Mesquida helps Rafael Gómez Nieto (last survivor of La Nueve) to keep his balance, while his daughter, his son Jean-Paul and Manuela Carmena (Mayor of Madrid) are also beside him.

Rafael Gómez Nieto, a humble great man boasting a towering human stature and  always fleeing from showing off any way, is tangibly very touched and engrossed in his thoughts, thinking of his passed away camarads of La Nueve.

It is a spine-tingling moment, while his son Jean-Paul and his daughter are paying heed to their father.

Yves Saint-Geours, French Ambassador to Spain is likewise in introspection, strongly moved by everything that is happening.


Luis Royo´s daughter has just finished her speech and quickly Rafael Gómez embraces her affectionately, while Jean-Paul Gómez, Evelyn Mesquida, Rafael Gómez Nieto´s daughter, Yves Saint-Geours, Manuela Carmena and Anne Hidalgo watch the scene.


Rafael Gómez Nieto with Evelyn Mesquida.

The last survivor of La Nueve, a real living legend, with La Légion d´Honneur, top French award, which was bestowed to him in 2012, shining on his chest along with the flag of the Spanish Republic and the badge of general Leclerc´s 2nd Armoured Division of the Free France to which La Nueve belonged.

After nothing less than 73 years having elapsed since the Spaniards of La Nueve were the first entering Paris and liberating the city on August 24, 1945, this admirable man has been able to watch live the public recognition to the military unit in which both he and his already demised comrades risked their lives in a number of battles all over France and Germany between August 1944 and May 1945, fighting against the Nazi Germany.


As a grand finale, some pupils of the French Liceo from Madrid (with pupils from the Miguel Delibes Secondary School also taking part a few minutes later) address a few words to the attendants dealing with the different subjects related to La Nueve: the ordeal of its members, their forced exile in France after the Spanish Civil War in the same way as the other 517,000 Spanish persons, their many years of uninterrupted fight until 1945, their very high percentage of casualties where they combated, their isolation and oblivion after the Second World War, etc.

Words pronounced by teenagers but deeply penetrating the hearts of all the audience, faces hardened by the circumstances of a life full of tragedy, upsetting experiences, ostracisms, death of beloved ones who were bound to begin a new existence in another country, France, which despite everything they loved like the one in which they were born and that was never forgotten by them.

73 years are many years, too many years, but highly probably this inauguration of the Gardens of La Nueve and the parallel homage to its courageous combatants has been worth and has made up for a lot of hardships, as well as having attained an old longing and the passing of a pending subject: the definitive recognition to these Spanish Republicans who standing firm in their convictions. always rose above adversity during the Spanish Civil War, in the French concentration camps and throughout the Second World War.


Because not only the victory embodies the concept of success.

Sometimes, particularly in so special historical episodes like this, defeat can redefine its meaning, along with the greatness one.

Because the men of La Nueve belonged to the human group who mostly suffered firsthand the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War, the French concentration camps and the neglect after the Second World War, in spite of which they had the spunk of surviving and provide for their families in France, most times under very tough conditions.

It´s very praiseworthy, since they were normal and humble persons working in the most common occupations of the civil society (cobblers, masons, fishermen, drivers, peasants, mechanics, etc), unlike the leading figures of the postwar Spanish exile like Luis Buñuel, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Antonio Machado, Pedro Salinas, Max Aub, Pablo Picasso, Pau Casals and many others featuring a formidable intellectual, literary, artistic or scientific background in their scopes.

It´s very important to bear in mind that the accomplishments of the Spanish Republican men of La Nueve had their fire baptism during the 1936-1939 Spanish Civil War, in which vast majority of them fought being extremely young, being between 16 and 17 years old.

And inevitably they were defeated by élite units of the Fracoist Army of Africa, whose commanders had huge experience in ruthless colonial war in Morocco.

It certainly gives the shiver to anyone thinking about 16 or 17 years old teenagers fighting all over the Spanish geography between 1936 and 1939 againtst Francoist military units like the 13th Divison (commanded by Fernando Barrón), Mohammed ben Mizzian´s Rif troops, colonel Sáenz de Buruaga´s Moroccan tabors of Regulares, general Juan Yague´s legionnaries and others.

Obviously, they had no chance facing professional troops who were at the moment from a military viewpoint the most fierce infantry in the world and featuring an almost 20 years experience in the Campaigns of Morocco.

But the grandeur of the men of La Nueve is that they got up once and again after each fall.

In 1939, they were forced to cross the French frontier together with more than half a million Spanish Republicans, being humiliated and interned in concentration camps throughout some months, without water, without light, with lice everywhere and a gelid wind cutting like a razor in full winter, but they stood up again and managed to survive.

80 of the 150 combatants of La Nueve in Pocklington (England) in June 1944.

And then they had the guts to enlist in the 9th Company of general Leclerc´s Armoured Division of the Free France to fight against fascism, being the first ones entering Paris and liberating the city on August 24, 1944, a pivotal historical feat that wasn´t by chance at all.


And those ones thinking that La Nueve had a minor role during the Allied Offensive through Normandy until reaching Paris and that anyway they took advantage of going between the American and British troops protected by the great deployment of Allied resources as to aviation, massive quantities of tanks, artillery and so forth, are completely wrong.

Not in vain, the findings made by Evelyn Mesquida during her ten years of research between 1998 and 2008, when she had to constantly work apiece in the nights and early mornings and even do without part of her holiday, the many conversations she had with some survivors of La Nueve all over France and the extraordinary performance of La Nueve in the Battles of Alençon and Écouché between August 12 and 16, 1944, the latter being the date in which they were immersed in very hard street fighting defending Écouché on being attacked by a joint counteroffensive launched by part of the 1 SS Leibstandarte Division, the II SS Division Das Reich (Otto Baum), the 9th Panzer Division (Max Sperling), the 116th Panzer Division (Gerhardt von Schwerin) and the 3rd Fallschirmjäger Division (Richard Schimpf), all of them German units whose commanders had huge previous experience of fighting to the death in the Russian Front, verify time and again the major significance these Spanish Republicans had within the Allied Offensive in France and Germany.

La Nueve managed to stand up to this very powerful attack of the aforementiomed German armoured units and paratroopers throughout two days (August 16 and 17, 1944), which enabled the rest of forces of general Patton´s III American Army to gain a precious time, until Bernard Montgomery´s II British Army could countertattack and raise the siege of Écouché on August 18 and 19, 1944.

A similar situation had happened ten days before, on August 7, 1944, when the American High Command, realizing that it was necessary to stop or slow down as much as possible any German counterattack, decided to send its 3rd Armoured Division with Sherman tanks to engage the heavy and medium German tanks of the XLVII Panzer Corps (part of the 1 SS Leibstandarte Division, the II SS Das Reich Division, the 2nd Panzer Division and the 116th Panzer Division) which had started Lüttich Operation trying to destroy the U.S 30th Infantry Division near Mortain and which had as a top priority target the conquest of Avranches.

Almost certainly, the tanks of the U.S 3rd Armoured Division under the command of lieutenant general Leroy H. Watson that had been sent by the American High Command to delay as much as they could the advance of the German panzers (knowing that the Tiger I and Panther V tanks were far superior to American Shermans in fire power and accuracy, and also as to combat experience in their crews) and gain time, would have been destroyed by the panzers with their high velocity 88 mm and 75 mm cannons, if it hadn´t been for the British Ultra Military Intelligence which three days before had deciphered (thanks to the genius Alan Turing) the encrypted German messages of the Enigma machine regarding the Lüttich Operation (which were delivered by Stewart Menzies to the Allied High Command) and the dissappearance of the fog at midday of August 7, 1944, so the American fighter bombers of the 9th Air Force and the RAF could massively attack the German armoured units, destroying approximately 150 of its 300 tanks.

But the stubborn resistance of La Nueve in Écouché, with considerably fewer means than the American troops, without any aircraft support, and facing German armoured units with Panther V and PzKpfw IV tanks along with Sturmgeschütz III assault guns (all of them sporting far superior tonnage and fire power in comparison to the M3 armoured half-tracks of La Nueve), stopping their onslaught — as well as making 129 German officers and soldiers prisoners —, was something impressive and a key factor to be able to achieve the almost entire closing of the Falaise Pocket by Allied forces a few days later.

Therefore, evidence clearly suggests that the fact that the Spanish Republicans of La Nueve were the first one to enter Paris and liberate the city on August 24, 1944 wasn´t at all by chance.

It was the result of a decision coming from top.

Half-track M3 Brunete of La Nueve

General Leclerc and captain Raymond Dronne (commander of La Nueve) were perfectly aware of the huge experience acquired by the Spanish Republican combatants during their fight against the Moroccan tabors of Regulares and legionnaires of the Francoist Army of Africa in the Spanish Civil War and their reckless courage in combat making them much more efficient against German troops when there was need to occupy particularly difficult areas well defended by the enemy and either fighting hand-to-hand or approaching to the utmost to the German Panther V, PzKpfw and Tiger I (the latter much less abundant) tanks, as happened in Écouché and many other places of France and Germany where La Nueve combated in 1944 and 1945, taking huge risks to be able to destroy them, with very few means and relying on great doses of skill and fearlessness, as when they used the 57 mm M1 antitank guns towed by the armoured M3 half-tracks of the company, which could penetrate the 100 mm thick front armour of the Tiger I Ausf. E and the 80 mm armour of the Panther V Ausf. D and Pz IV front area) with shots up to roughly 400 meters, though if possible they preferred to do flank shots between approximately 50 and 300 meters (because the armour of the lateral zone of the Panther V hull was between 40 and 50 mm, 30 mm in the Pz IV and 60 mm in the Tiger I, so they were more vulnerable in their sides) or rear ones.

All of it always with the enormous danger of death that meant for the three Spanish soldiers crew of each 57 mm M1 AT gun of La Nueve to be spotted by the Germans, since the towed AT guns (unlike the self-propelled assault guns or tanks destroyers like the American M10 of the time) couldn´t change position quickly or run away at full speed after firing, and the men handling them needed some seconds to roll the 57 mm gun on the ground until making it arrive again at the M3 half-track, hitch it up to it and go on the vehicle to take cover, so they turned into very easy targets for the German artillery, tanks and assault guns, to such an extent that in practice, the towed 57 mm gun which was highly fast and versatile on deploying it, lacked utterly of any mobility under enemy fire and coudn´t be coupled to the half-track vechicle once again, and even less the chance of driving the vehicle with the gun towed in the middle of the battle, so the Spanish Republicans of La Nueve were bound to resist on their positions with fixed bayonets, which gives a comprehensive picture of their immense bravery.

This incredible deed carried out by La Nueve in Écouché facing the German panzers and infantry and the exceedingly bloody close combats in which they fought with great courage and prevailed after fierce clashes, conferred the unit made up by Spanish Republicans a sizeable prestige in the French, American and British high commands, something that would be upheld by the headlong bravery shown by the Spaniards of La Nueve in subsequent battles, above all during the Franco-American Offensive to encircle Los Vosgos — in the northeast of France, mostly belonging to Lorena region, beside the frontier with Germany — that began on November 14, 1944 and in which La Nueve took part in very hard combats against German troops, including ambushes made by Fallschirmjägers specialized in antitank fighting and equipped with the lethal Panzerschreck RPzB Ofenrohr rocket launchers shooting projectiles with 88 mm shaped charge warheads able to pierce 100 mm armours, after which they would advance with two marching trajectories in the north of the Saverne Gap, through Falsbour and La Petite Pierre on November 22, 1944, conquering Strasbourg after covering the 30 km separating Saverne from the Alsacian capital in little more than three hours.

Very few days after the fierce fight in Écouché on August 16 and 17, 1944, the French Resistance rose up in Paris on August 20, 1944 against the 20,000 armed German soldiers defending the city under the command of general von Choltitz.

Thanks to some cryptographic messages of the German Enigma machine deciphered by Alan Turing with his ingenuity and intuition transcending the Entscheidungs decision problem, the British M16 knew that Hitler had ordered general von Choltitz to destroy all the bridges over Seine river and the most important buildings in Paris, threatening him not to surrender any way, to turn the city in a kind of Stalingrad and resist as much as possible with the German troops sheltered behind the debris of the city, an information that was quickly sent to the Allied High Command in the area of Normandy.

General Leclerc grasped clearly that a battle street by street in Paris would entail the utter destruction of the city, for the Allied forces would be forced to use a massive firepower to minimize their own ones, so he decided to send La Nueve in a very risky and daring mission, making a full speed sortie across the Porte d´Italia until reaching the Town Hall.

The attack was successful, the German garrison was surprised by the quickness of La Nueve attack and it made von Choltitz doubt.

This way, a battle for Paris which would have meant thousands of dead and the obliteration of the city could be avoided.




© Text and Photos: José Manuel Serrano Esparza